THE MUSCULAR SYSTEM. 249 



regularly together. In the Mammalia (the ox) he did not find this 

 structure, whereas he saw it in the eagle, a fact, which, if shown to be 

 the case in all birds, would still increase the evident parallelism of both 

 classes *. 



With respect to the general form of the muscles, we may in the 

 first place separate those without tendons from those with. Those 

 unprovided with tendons have the peculiarity of retaining throughout 

 their whole course parallel sides, and always take the form of flat bands 

 or thick prisms. Such flat band-shaped muscles we find between the 

 several segments of the abdomen, anil which serve to unite them 

 together : the prismatic muscles without tendons we find between the 

 phragmata, and indeed the dorsal ones in general are of this form. 



The muscles with tendons, Straus arranges under the following five 

 divisions : 



1. CONICAL MUSCLES. The belly of the muscle has the form of a 

 cone, originating from a broad flat base, and proceeding to a smaller 

 point of insertion. From the apex of the cone the long tendon 

 springs, and distends itself in the belly of the muscle, in the direction 

 of its axis, here spreading into a flat surface, to which the individual 

 fasciculi are attached. Sometimes this surface is divided into several 

 lobes. 



2. PYRAMIDAL MUSCLES. The belly of the muscle is shorter, as is 

 likewise the entire tendon surrounded by it. This is broad and divided 

 into several leaves (for example, the mandibulary muscles). 



3. PSEUDO-PENNIFORM MUSCLES. Flat triangular muscles, the 

 fibres of which originate all in a row, and attach themselves sometimes 

 at one, and sometimes upon both sides of the long tendon (the muscles 

 of the femorse in Locusld) . 



4. PENNIPORM MUSCLES differ, from the margin of their tendon 

 being fibrous. These fibres originate sometimes at one side and some- 

 times at both sides of the long tendon. 



5. COMPOUND MUSCLES are those which consist of simple bellies, 

 all the tendons of which unite into one band, or in which one tendon 

 after the other takes up several bundles of muscles. 



To these five forms we may add, as a sixth, CYLINDRICAL MUSCLES, 

 the tendon of which is a flat round plate, to which the fibres are 



* Compare Nitzsch in Mcckel's Archiv. 1826. 



