18 GENERAL ORISMOLOGY. 



elevated ridges ; CANALICULATE (canaHculatinii), is a surface, which has 

 in its centre a broad, but not very deep longitudinal furrows ; EXARATE 

 (e.raratum), when several such furrows with perpendicular margins, 

 and wide, elevated intervals, run parallel to each other ; ACICULATE 

 (aciculatum}, when many fine, frequently undulating striae running 

 either parallel, or interweaving each other, make the surface appear as 

 if scratched with a needle. 



PUNCTURED (punctatum} , a surface covered with small impressed 

 punctures; VARIOLUS (varioloruin), when larger depressions are iso- 

 lated, and resemble the maiks of the small-pox; FOVEOLATE (foveo- 

 lalum), or SCROBICULATE (scrobiculatum], when somewhat deeper 

 impressions become narrower towards their bottom ; CLATHRATE (clath- 

 ratum), when such foveoles are placed in rows, having elevated longitu- 

 dinal lines between them ; FAVOSE (favosuni), when these depressions 

 stand close together, so that the surface resembles a honey-comb ; 

 ENGRAVED (ejcsculptuvi), when a variety of irregular longitudinal 

 depressions cover the surface; VERMICULATE (vermicrilatum}, when 

 the depressions are longitudinal and tortuous, like a Avorm-eaten stem. 



The following distinctions are made with respect to the convexity or 

 concavity of a surface : 



PLANE (planum^, when the whole surface is of an equal height. 



CONVEX (convexinn), when a surface 'rises gradually to its centre, 

 which becomes thus the highest of the whole. 



CONCAVB (coticavum), when the surface gradually declines towards 

 its centre, thus becoming the deepest. 



EXCAVATED (excavatum), a depression, the section of which is not 

 the segment of a circle. 



GIBBOSE (gibbosum), when separate parts rise higher than the rest; 

 GIBBOUS (gibbum}, on the contrary, is a surface, the section of which 

 is not the segment of a circle; TUBERCULATE (tuberculatum), when 

 the whole surface rises conically; RUGOSE (rugosum), when longitudi- 

 nal elevations are placed irregularly like coarse wrinkles. 



The inequalities, caused by a production of the true surface, are thus 

 distinguished : 



ACULEATE (aculeatum'), with slender pointed processes ; SPINOSE 

 (spinosu-ni), covered with solitary, thicker, and frequently bowed pro- 

 cesses. 



UNARMED (mut'icum, inertne), when no such processes exist. The 

 first word is generally used when terminal processes are wanting, where 

 they are usually present. 



