THE PUI'A. 43 



III. THE PUPA STATE. 

 59. 



We have now arrived at the third and last stage of development, 

 viz., the PUPA STATE. 



The pupae of insects, with an incomplete metamorphosis, perfectly 

 agree with their larvae in form and structure ; but those whose imago 

 is provided with wings, have, at this period of their existence, the 

 rudiments of these organs, as an evident mark of distinction. They 

 may, accordingly, be distributed into two divisions 



1. Pupa? without alary appendages, which, according to the Fabrician 

 definition of the metamorphoses, must be called COMPLETE FUPJE, but 

 which, according to us, are necessarily incomplete pupae. To these 

 belong the lice (Pediculus"), the bed bugs (Cimex lectitlarius), many 

 species of the genus Phasma *, and some other wingless Hemiptera 

 and Ortkoptera. 



2. Pupae with the rudiments of wings, according to the former 

 definition, Semi -complete Piipce, but by us they are called Sub- 

 incomplete. These comprise all the pupee of the winged genera of the 

 Orders, Hemiptera, Dictyoto/ilera, and Orlhop'era. 



Lamarck calls nymphce all pupae with an incomplete metamorphosis. 



60. 



In insects with a complete metamorphosis, the pupa state is a 

 very peculiar and characteristic period of their existence. Exteriorly 

 a perfect stand-still appears in the process of development, for the 

 pupa, in the majority of cases, is quiescent, and does not take the 

 least nourishment to itself; but, internally, the greater changes are in 

 progress. In a subsequent division of this work, we shall treat in 

 detail of these changes, for we must restrict ourselves here to the con- 



O ' 



sideration of the exterior form alone of these pupae. We divide them 



> 



into the two following groups. 



* Or rather of the family Phasmidce. They are all contained in the sub-family 

 Apterophasmina, which comprises! twelve genera in Mr. G. R. Gray's valuable " Synopsis 

 of the Species of Insects belonging to the family of Phasmidee," just published by Longman 

 and Co., and to which we call the attention of Entomologists, as containing .an elaborate 

 distribution of all the known species of this singular and interesting tribe. Ta. 



