44 PARTIAL ORISMOLOGY. 



I. Pupae which freely lie, hang, or are in any way fastened or 

 attached in their particular element, NAKED PUP.E (Pupce mida}. 

 This mode of change is not particular to any individual Order, but it 

 occurs, as well as the following, throughout all the Orders. 



II. Pupae which repose in cases artificially prepared by the larvae ; 

 INCASED PUP-ffi: (Pupce foHiculatce} , which case is called COCOON 

 (incunabidum, folliculus) . 



But these differences do not at all apply to the shape of the pupa 

 itself. The following are the terms thence given by former writers. 



COARCTATE and OBTECTED pupae (Pupce oblecfte, coarctatce}, are 

 those which are inclosed in a firm, egg-shaped, corneus case, and which 

 do not in the least indicate the parts of the perfect insect (PI. II. f. 21 ). 

 This transformation is peculiar to many families of flies (Syrpkodea, 

 (Estracea, Muscaria). The surrounding case is the dried skin of the 

 larva, and, strictly considered, it is analogous to the cases of many 

 insects with a pupa folUcidata for the true pupa, with its clearly 

 distinguishable limbs, lies inclosed beneath this case. This kind of 

 pupa is probably peculiar to all such insects whose larvae do not moult. 



MASKED PUP^; (pupce.lartiaife'), are those whose general inclosure 

 is likewise a horny case, but upon which the different parts of the 

 future insect are traced in lines (PI. II. f. 19). Lamarck calls both these 

 kinds of pupae chrysalis, the former chry dolioloides, the latter chry. 

 signata (Lepidoptera, many Diptera). 



EXARATE or sculptured pupse (pupee exarattf}, are such in which 

 the limbs of the perfect insect are observed to lie free, although still 

 closely attached to the body fPl.II. f. 24). These Lamarck calls mumia, 

 and particularly mumia coarctala (Coleoptern, Hymenopiera), whilst 

 the pupa? of the Phryganea, which, in the last stage of their pupa 

 existence possess some degree of motion, he calls mumia; pseudo- 

 nymph(e. 



A naked pupa is called SUBTERRANEOUS (pupa subterranea*), 

 when, during this period of its -life, it lies buried in damp earth. 

 But if it hangs perpendicularly with its head downwards, as in many 

 butterflies (Hipparchia Egeria), PI. II f. 20, it is called an ADHERENT 

 pupa (/jw/jfl adhcerens), but if placed upright against a vertical object, 

 and supported by a delicate filament passed transversely across its 

 thorax (PI. II. f. 26), it is called a BOUND pupa. This kind is also only 

 found 'among the butterflies (Pontia Cratcegi). An incased pupa, 

 whose cocoon remains partially open (Sdturn'xi, Pkryganea),is usually 

 called a GUARDED pup;i ' iipn custodiata}. 



