THE PUPA. 45 



61. 



With respect to the construction of the body of the pupa, we find 

 much more distinctly in it, than in that of the larva, the indication of 

 the division of the body into three chief parts, the head, thorax and 

 abdomen. This division of the body is shown by a constriction in the 

 pupa case, as we observed, also, to be in the larva. If we, with Kirby 

 and Spence, perhaps not quite appropriately, call this exterior sheath 

 the CASE (thecct) of the pupa, we may then divide it into the following 

 parts, from its now more distinctly apparent exterior organs. 



HEAD-CASE (cephalotheca) is the anterior hemispherical division, 

 which incloses the head of the future perfect insect. In it we must again 

 distinguish the EYE-CASE (optlialtnotheca), the MOUTH-CASE (stoma- 

 totliecci), which, in the Coleoptera, incloses the mandibles and palpi ; 

 or, as in many Lepidoptera, covers the protruding proboscis ; and, in 

 this latter case, is called by Kirby and Spence TONGUE-CASE (glosso- 

 theca). In front of the mouth-case lie the LEG-CASES (podotheca), 

 inclined towards each other at acute angles ; very near to them, but 

 directed outwards towards the back, the either long, pointed, or shorter 

 thicker ANTENNAE CASES (Ceratofhec&y*. Next to the head-case 

 follows the TRUNK-CASE (thorcicotlieca, cytoiheca of Kirby and 

 Spence), which is covered below by the WING-CASES (pterothecte'), which 

 originating at its sides, embrace it in the direction of the abdomen. The 

 form of the trunk-case is influenced by the different conformations 

 of the thorax in the several orders, so that the three segments of the 

 thorax are sometimes more distinctly discriminated; and, when so 

 we may apply the terms PROTHORACIC-CASE (prothoracotheca)* 

 MESOTHORACIC-CASE (mesothoracotheca) , and METATHORACIC-CASE 

 (metathoracotheca), (Coleoptera and Hymenoptera) ; but sometimes, 

 from the preponderating size of the middle portion, we observe all 

 the three divisions unite in one (Diptera, Lepidoptera). Immedi- 

 ately upon the trunk-case follows the ABDOMEM-CASE (gasterothecd), 

 which consists of nine (more or less) distinctly separated segments; 

 and at its apex we observe the future anal orifice indicated ; and on 

 both sides of each segment the easily recognisable SPIRACLES (stigmce, 

 spiraculce) are perceptible. 



The apex of the last segment (apex abdominis, cremaster of Kirby 

 and Spence) it is still important to notice, from its truly innumerable 

 differences. Very generally it terminates in a conical, either acute or 



* Not CeraiheccB, according to Kirby and Spence. 



