46 PARTIAL ORISMOLOGY. 



obtuse process (Sph. ligustri), or there are two close together (Noct. 

 amethystina), which sometimes, as in Hydroph-piceus. Noct. lucipara, 

 hang downwards as long bent hooks. Sometimes we observe many 

 little crotchets or points ; and, also, as in Harpy a Fagi, an indented 

 pectinated process (P. II. f. 25, and other forms in f. 22 and 23). 



If the abdomen terminate in a protruding ovipositor (Sirex, Pimpla, 

 Cryptus), this, also, has its peculiar case (acidotheca) ; which, when 

 the ovipositor is short, stands forth free (Sirex); but when much 

 longer, as in Pimpla, it is turned round upon the venter, or the back 

 of the pupa. 



02. 



The superficies of pupae is still more generally naked than that of 

 larvae. But few instances have been hitherto observed, in which they 

 are covered with isolated bristles (Hydroph. piceits), or fasciculate 

 (several Bombyces, for example, Orgyia pudibunda, Pygera buce- 

 phala*), or covered with wreaths of hair. The processes, and angular 

 or produced parts of the pupa itself, which arise from the form of the 

 included insect, must be clearly distinguished from such clothing. With 

 these processes may be classed the already described apical spines, and 

 the also before indicated protruding proboscis of many Lepidoptera 

 (glossotheca). In the hawk moths (Sphinx Convolvuli, Ligustri), it 

 presents itself in an obtuse club, bent towards the body between the 

 two first pair of legs; in the owlets (Cucullia Tanaceti, Plusia con- 

 sona, and others of these genera), it protrudes as a clavate process 

 beyond the legs, and then lies free opposite the first ventral segments 

 of the abdomen. The tracheae, also,, of many dipterous pupae which 

 live in water, for example, of the gnats (Cule#), in which they project 

 from the sides of the thorax as two clavate processes, well deserve to be 

 mentioned here. 



Shorter processes, such as spines and wrinkles, arise from several 

 portions of the body of the pupa, and exclusively belong to its case. 

 Thus the pupa of the stag-beetle (Lucanus cervus) has, upon the sides 

 of its first abdominal segment, several spines united in a bundle, 

 resembling those of the Hydroph. piceus, in front of its thorax, or the 

 pupa of an Asilus, figured by De Geer, with spines upon its head, and 

 abdominal segments f . The pupa of the goat moth ( Cossus ligniperda) 



* Burrueister has evidently made a mistake here ; for the pupa of Pygera bucephala 

 is perfectly smooth The pupa of Leucom'a Salicis would have been a better example. TR. 

 t Memoirs, 76, pi. 14, fig. 8. 



