THE PUPA. 47 



has, upon the sides of each abdominal segment, a row of slight crotchets, 

 as have, also, many other lepidopterous pupa? ; in many they present 

 themselves as elevated, somewhat notched, or indented stripes (admi- 

 nicula of Kirby and $ pence). 



63. 



Many pupae have other protuberances, which, from their shortness and 

 thickness, can neither be considered as processes nor as spines, but are 

 merely prominent angles, which equally proceed from the form of the 

 inclosed insect, and are exclusively peculiar to the pupae of some Lepi- 

 doptera, and Diptera. These forms are found only among the butter- 

 flies of the former order ; of which they are, however, the characteristics 

 of the majority. In general, two conical processes rise in front of the 

 eyes ; these appear to enclose the palpi of the butterfly, and are then 

 called PALPI-CASES (pselaphothecce) ; then the trunk-case expands in 

 several lateral angles ; but chief of all is the process upon the back, in 

 the form of a long pyramid, or resembling a man's nose, so much so, 

 that a pupa of this description, upon the first glimpse of it, looks like a 

 human face, particularly when, as is often the case, there are dark 

 spots within the impressions above the pyramid, which, consequently, 

 have all the appearance of eyes. Pupae, thus formed, are called ANGULAR 

 (p. angularex); the rest, in contradistinction, are styled CONICAL 

 (/>. conicce). 



64. 



Before we conclude our consideration of the pupae, we will add a 

 few words upon their different colours. 



All pupa? which are placed in shady, dark situations ; for example, 

 in the earth, or in water, or in perfectly obscure dwellings (as the 

 obtected pupae) are of a yellowish white, but which become darker 

 upon exposure to the light ; the rest, particularly the pupae of the 

 nocturnal and crepuscular Lepidoptera, and of the minute moths, &c. 

 are of a bright brown when their place of concealment is within the 

 earth, but they are darker when they are inclosed in transparent webs. 

 The majority of the pupae of the diurnal Lepidoptera have a greenish, 

 or yellowish grey brown colour, many are speckled (Pontia Cratoegi), 

 others have large spots of a glittering gold colour upon the thorax and 

 abdomen, and they alone thence obtain the name of chrysalis, aurelia, 

 which names have been applied in general, but chiefly by early writers, 

 to the pupae of all the butterflies. 



