50 PARTIAL ORISMOLOGY. 



the eyes (PI. III. f. }], c). Kirby and Spence call tliis part the NOSE 

 (nasus), and distinguish the anterior part as rhinarium, and the more 

 lateral ones as post-nasus ; certainly without foundation, for although 

 many naturalists have supposed the organs of smell to exist here, 

 none have yet been able to prove they do so, and we must therefore 

 decidedly reject a name founded upon such a supposition. The FRONT, 

 FOREHEAD, or BROW (frons), is that portion which intervenes between 

 the posterior margin of the clypeus between the eyes, to where the 

 head commences to be flattened above (PI. III. f. 11, B). Nitzsch distin- 

 guishes that portion of it which lies between the eyes as MIDDLE HEAD 

 (sinciput). VERTEX (vertex) is the upper flattened portion of the 

 head upon which very generally the simple eyes or OCELLI (ocelli) are 

 found (PI. III. f. 11, a). In many insects, particularly Coleoptera, the 

 vertex is not apparent, as they bear their head withdrawn into the 

 thorax. FACE (fades) is the anterior portion of the head above the 

 mouth, and includes the clypeus, the front, and the parts bordering 

 upon the eyes. It is chiefly from the front and the vertex that the 

 above-mentioned prominences originate, called HORNS (cornua), from 

 their frequently not inapt resemblance to the horns of the ruminants. 

 These parts are often covered with hair, which is then called HEAD 

 HAIR (capilli) a fringe of hair seated upon the clypeus, over the 

 mouth, is called WHISKER (mystaai), and is found chiefly among the 

 Diptera in the families of the flies of prey (Asilica) and the true 

 flies (Muscaria). 



The lower part of the head is divided into the following portions. 



The GULA (gula, PI. III. f. 12, D), or THROAT (jugulum) extends, 

 according to Kirby and Spence, from the anterior portion, where the 

 chin (see below, 68) is attached, or from the orifice of the mouth in 

 general to the commencement of the neck, and comprises consequently 

 the whole middle portion of the lower head, and which Straus calls, 

 from its being the support of the whole, the basal part (basilaire, pars 

 basalis). In many of the Coleoptera, for example in Geotrupes nasi- 

 cornis, it is produced into a smooth boss ; in other instances (Carabus], 

 this part is sloped, and its anterior raised margin, to which the chin is 

 attached, is swollen into a thick callosity (PI. III. f. 12 and 13, d.). 

 When it assumes this form, some entomologists are inclined to call it, 

 but very injudiciously (consult 9, ii. and note) head-breast-bone 

 (sternum capitate). Straus correctly considers this swelling as 

 belonging to the basal part, and which he calls prebasal part (pre- 

 basilaire). 



