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therefore lies higher than the cavity of the mouth, and the meal has to 

 describe an arch, and to pass over the internal skeleton of the head 

 before it can get into the crop. It is very easy to convince oneself of 

 the continued chewing motion of the broad molar-shaped mandibles of 

 these insects, and in which the maxillae also take an active part. They 

 are therefore analogous, both in this respect as well as in many others, to 

 the graminivorous birds, particularly the Gallime, or, to indicate a higher 

 parallelism, to the ruminants amongst the mammals, only that their 

 rumination does not take place in the mouth, but as in the birds, in 

 the proventriculus, or crop. In the Lamellicornia, Pelodea, and 

 Capricorns, which all have complete oral organs, the power of masti- 

 cation decreases in proportion to the decrease of the proventriculus. 

 Their food also is partly more fluid and more decomposable, so 

 that the hairy maxillae laps it up, and it is thus readily taken into 

 the mouth. A striking instance of this mode of feeding is ex- 

 hibited by the stag-beetle, which, as is well known, laps up the 

 exuding juices of the oak, and for this purpose is provided with very 

 hairy maxilla;. In the ontkophagous Pctalocera the mandibles exhibit 

 an analogous form adapted to their purpose, being flat, thin, lamellate, 

 or rather shovel-shaped, to take up their thin food and convey it to the 

 mouth. The Chrysomelce either devour leaves, or as in the Gallerucce, 

 (G. Alni, Viburni, &c.), sweep off" the pollen of flowers with their 

 maxillae. They want the proventriculus, and consequently their food 

 requires to be masticated in the mouth ; but as they bite off but small 

 pieces the chewing is of shorter duration. This is the case also with 

 the larvEe of the Lepidoptera, which, without exception, bite and chew, 

 but they separate such small pieces that they can swallow them without 

 their requiring much comminution ; at least they continue biting off 

 fresh pieces without stopping to masticate that already in their mouths. 

 The masticating Hymenoptera, for example, the Tenthredonodea and 

 Ichneumons, devour the pollen of flowers, and their honey, which they 

 lap up with their flat, thin, shovel-shaped maxillae, or else bite off in 

 larger pieces by means of their dentate mandibles. They masticate 

 certainly but slightly, and yet they want a proventriculus, which has 

 always more or less relation to the duration of the mastication of the 

 food. The Dictyotoptera and the Libellulee masticate longer: but 

 they are predaceous, and devour insects which they capture. For this 

 purpose they are furnished with long hook-shaped mandibles and short 

 but broad maxillae armed with long teeth. It is distinctly seen how 



