THE ORGANS OF NUTRITION. 133 



pass through the exterior muscular membrane, the filaments of which 

 it pushes on one side. They doubtlessly consist of secerning organs, 

 whose secretion makes more soluble the heavily digestible animal 

 matter. These flocks are found in the Cicindelacea, the Carabodea, 

 the Hydrocantharides, the Brachyptera, the Peltodea, the Melanoso- 

 mata, and the Helopodea. 



The stomach of the majority of the Orthoptera is still more artifi- 

 cially constructed, although in many respects not dissimilar to that just 

 described. They equally have a crop and proventriculus, the stomach 

 itself is not very long, but tolerably broad and most frequently 

 transversely ringed above; at its mouth there are broad, sack-shaped, 

 blind appendages, which are not mere processes of the mucous 

 membrane, but are also covered by the layer of muscular mem- 

 brane. There are two such appendages in Acheta and Gryttotalpa, 

 and as many in Locitsla, but here shorter, and more vesicular. In 

 Gryllus migratorius I found six tubular ones (PI. XXI. f. 6.) length- 

 ened above and below, each of which opened into the stomach by an 

 oval aperture (the same A, A, A,) and thin tubes, which lay convo- 

 luted in the tubular appendages passed into these openings from the 

 internal membrane of the stomach (the same fig. 5.) ; consequently 

 these apertures do not merely open into the stomach itself, but alse 

 between the innermost and central membranes of the stomach (see 

 fig. 2. at the * ). In Blatta there are eight such appendages, four 

 short and four long ; these are also, without doubt, organs of secretion, 

 which have been not inappropriately compared to the blind appendages 

 in the pylorus of fishes. They would thus be analogous to a gastral 

 salivary gland, or pancreas. 



We have yet to examine the stomach of the Hcmiptera, which is 

 the most composite of all (PI. XX. f. 3). The narrow, and generally 

 long oesophagus suddenly distends itself upon its entrance into the 

 abdomen into a broad, bladder-shaped, generally long, and often irre- 

 gularly folded stomach (D), which is, without doubt, analogous to the 

 crop of the other orders. The Hemiptera which imbibe raw juices, 

 either animal or vegetable, require several successive stomachs for the 

 gradual transformation of these substances. The first of these stomachs 

 serves as a preparatory receptacle, wherein the materials accumulate, 

 and where they are slightly changed, that they may be more effectively 

 elaborated' in the following divisions. This first stomach is consequently 

 the widest of all, and thus corresponds to the crop of the Cuicoptera 



