CHIKF ENTOMOLOGrCAL CLASSIFICATIONS AND SYSTEMS. 5D7 



330. 



Some naturalists admit, and certainly correctly, still further divi- 

 sions, which comprise several classes, but which have no name. They 

 also are founded upon similarities in the structure of the organs and of 

 the organic system. The four above explained (88) organic systems, 

 stand in three different relations to each other ; namely, in the first 

 group they retain their vegetable character, with the mere addition of 

 the animal character of voluntary motion ; in the second and third 

 groups the animal character predominates ; so that in the second, 

 motion, and in the third, sensation, are especially developed. We 

 thus obtain the chief types under which all animal forms may be 

 arranged. 



SECOND CHAPTER. 



HISTORY OF THE CHIEF ENTOMOLOGICAL 

 CLASSIFICATIONS AND SYSTEMS. 



337. 



THE earliest essay to group animals in general, and consequently in- 

 sects, is that of Aristotle (about 330 B. C.). In his works, one of which 

 is exclusively devoted to Zoology, he indeed nowhere gives a complete 

 system of animals ; but from hints here and there expressed, it appears 

 that he separated the Crustacea as a particular group (MaXaKoo-r/xiKa) 

 from other insects ("Evro/jLa). A further division of insects is deduced 

 from their wings, and from their presence or absence they fall into 

 "Evrofia TmXcora and "'Evrop.a aTrrepa ; both again consist of several 

 groups, which are partly perfectly natural. The divisions of Aristotle 

 are in general so successfully made, that we are perfectly astonished at 

 his vast genius, which whithersoever it directed itself, always found the 

 right, and he maintained in everything he attempted an equal greatness. 



The labours of his successors are very different. Pliny's " Natural 

 History " is merely a systematised Encyclopaedia, in which all those 



