CHIEF ENTOMOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATIONS AND SYSTEMS. 617 



mandibulate mouths, and by the same right the beetles and Hymen- 

 ontera, which suck the juices of flowers and plants, for example, the 

 Lucani, many Lamellicorns, and the wasps and bees, should be 

 removed among insects with suctorial organs. 



350. 



Upon now passing to the physiological or philosophical systems, we 

 find their originators to have consisted chiefly of Germans. Proceeding 

 from the view that organic nature is to be considered as one great 

 whole, which exhibits in its several members progressive grades of 

 development up to its very fullest perfection and evolution, the 

 philosophical system endeavours to characterise these grades of de- 

 velopment as classes, and then further strives to prove their gradual 

 perfection in the order of each class. After this idea had been started 

 hypothetically in Schelling's school, Oken sought to transfer it to 

 natural history, and there practically to apply it. He thence obtained 

 thirteen classes among animals, each of which is represented by a 

 successively added organ. Insects occupy the ninth of these classes, 

 and are characterised as lung-animals. The following * is their 

 division : 



I. Order. Germ flies (Keimfliegen). 

 Insects with imperfect metamorphosis. 



1. Tribe. Bugs (Hemiptera, Latr.). 



2. ' Schricken' (Orthoptera and Dermaptera, Latr.). 



3. 'Bolde' (Neuroptera, Latr.). 



II. Order. Sexual flies. 



Insects with perfect metamorphosis and equal wings. 



4. Tribe. ' Mucken' (Diptera and Suctoria, Latr.). 



5. ' Immen' (Hymenoptera, Latr.). 



6. 'Falter' (Lepidoptera, Latr.). 



III. Order. Lung-flies. Beetles (Coleoptera, Latr.). 

 Insects with perfect metamorphosis, elytra, and wings. 



7 Tribe. ' Kirner' (Coleopt. tetramera, Latr.). 



8. 'Schruppe' (Coleopt. heteromera, Latr .). 



9. 'Runke' (Coleopt. pentamera, Latr.). 



We may object to this arrangement, which tolerably distinctly 

 exhibits the gradual development of the insect world, that the three 



* NaturgescMchte fur Schulen. Leipzig. 1821, 8vo. 



