CRIMINALITY IN ANIMALS. 253 



and dangerous hatred for the skinner, who took away his meats. 

 Another dog, which was fed together with a hog, took such aversion 

 toward his commensal, that he broke his chain, jumped ujion the pork- 

 er, killed, disemboweled, and tore it. 



Man has sometimes taken pains to develop the destructive instinct 

 of animals. Jacolliot tells of elephants that were fed with meat to 

 keep this faculty in a state of excitation. The Hottentots train cattle 

 in a similar way. A legend runs to the effect that an exiled king of 

 Garamanta returned to his country with an army of two hundred dogs. 

 It is said, also, that when the Cimbri were defeated their dogs de- 

 fended their chariots. The city of St. Malo is said to have been de- 

 fended once in a similar manner ; and during the night the animals 

 were let loose in the streets as a kind of police. At the camp of Lo- 

 bau, during the campaign in Italy, the soldiers trained large dogs to 

 take prisoners. Watchmen in some prisons are accompanied in their 

 night-rounds by dogs, to detect the prisoners who are out of their 

 beds. 



5. Acts op Offense committed by Animals under the In- 

 stinct of Vanity. Though less susceptible than man, animals are 

 very fond of praise and approbation. With what intoxication of joy 

 does the dog receive our commendations ! Every one has remarked 

 how sensible horses are to marks of affection, and how they exert 

 themselves in races so as not to allow a rival to pass them. Pierquin 

 had a monkey which, when a handkerchief was given it, draped it- 

 self in it, and manifested an extraordinary pleasure in watching the 

 train of its court-robe. Napoleon believed that man was only a more 

 perfect animal, and claimed for his horse memory, intelligence, and 

 love. " I had a horse," he said, " which could recognize me among all 

 the world, and which showed, by his prancing and his proud step 

 when I was on his back, that he knew he was carrying a person supe- 

 rior to all the others around him. He would not allow any one else to 

 ride him except a groom who regularly took care of him, and his move- 

 ments, when that man was upon him, were so peculiar that he seemed 

 aware that he was carrying a servant." This was perhaps the same 

 animal of which Constant wrote in his " Memoirs " : " The Emperor 

 had for several years an Arabian horse of rare instincts, that gave him 

 much pleasure. It was hard to discover any grace in him while his 

 master was out of sight, but whenever he heard the drums announcing 

 the presence of his Majesty he would raise himself in pride, shake his 

 head, paw the ground, and from that moment till the Emperor dis- 

 mounted from him he would carry as fine a head as ever was seen." 

 Such vanity is, in fact, quite common among Arabian horses, and the 

 treatment they receive is well adapted to develop it. It is compre- 

 hensible that, under the influence of this instinct, and the jealousy 

 that often results from it, animals may become malicious and quar- 

 relsome, and attack and even kill their companions. It has been 



