5 1 4 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



ence was more catholic than that of the fleshly school, properly so 

 called, his aim being the apotheosis of man as man. Three lines from 

 " One's Self I Sing " reveal to us clearly his point of view : 



" Of physiology from top to toe I sing ; 



Not physiognomy alone, nor brain alone, is worthy for the Muse I say the 

 form complete is worthier far ; 

 The female equally with the male I sing." 



Of what may be called skeptical writers, i. e., writers who treated 

 different branches of study in a manner hostile to Christianity, and 

 with their eyes distinctly turned upon it, it will be sufficient to men- 

 tion Buckle, whose "History of Civilization" appeared in 1857 ; Dra- 

 per, whose " Intellectual Development of Europe " was published in 

 1861; and Lecky, whose "Rationalism" appeared in 1865, and his 

 work on " European Morals " in 1869. Dr. Jowett's " Plato " appeared 

 in 1871, the introductions to the separate dialogues of which were a 

 distinct contribution to contemporary thought, while they are valuable 

 as a fair index to the results of moderate liberalism of the time in 

 different fields. Thus, in his introduction to the " Republic," he de- 

 fines the modern notion of God as an " intelligent principle of law and 

 order in the universe, embracing equally man and nature." Spencer's 

 " Study of Sociology " appeared in 1872, and the " Fortnightly Re- 

 view " was started in 1865. In tracing the line of thought taken by 

 writers more immediately concerned with the book before us, we come 

 first to " Essays and Reviews " in 1860. Archdeacon Pratt had pub- 

 lished, in 1856, an attempt to prove that Scripture and science were 

 not at variance. The publication of the volume of " Essays and Re- 

 views " may be taken as a symptom that intellectual Churchmen felt 

 that the old stand was no longer possible ; that concessions must be 

 made to modern science, modern investigations, and modern thought ; 

 that the proper way to judge of an ancient work was to interpret it 

 by the light of its own day. These views were to some extent popu- 

 larized by the first series of Stanley's " Lectures on the History of the 

 Jewish Church," appearing in 1863, the year following the publication 

 of Bishop Colenso's work on the Pentateuch and the Book of Joshua. 

 Stanley's preface tells us that it is his intention " to present the main 

 characters and events of sacred narrative in a form as nearly historical 

 as the facts of the case will admit" ; to set the characters and institu- 

 tions of the time in a clearer light ; " to recognize in sacred subjects 

 their identity with our own flesh and blood,'''' at the same time not 

 " wishing to efface the distinction which good taste, no less than rever- 

 ence, will always endeavor to preserve between the Jewish and other 

 histories." " Ecce Homo " appeared in 1865. It was an attempt to 

 base religion upon the enthusiasm of humanity as preached by the 

 man Christ, and was succinctly characterized at the time by a pious 

 nobleman as " vomited from the jaws of hell." The author, now uni- 



