THE FURTHER GROWTH OF SCIENCE 105 



Water-power, which had come into general use in England 

 after 1770, was gradually replaced by steam. The crude 

 steam engine, invented by Savery (1698) and improved by 

 Newcomen (1707), was used for pumping water from mines 

 as early as the first decade of the eighteenth century. But 

 although this steam pump doubled the depth at which coal 

 could be mined, steam power was not feasible for general 

 purposes until after the invention of the first real steam 

 engine by James Watt (1769). 7 In the cloth-making indus- 

 tries, Kay's Hying shuttle (1733) and Hargreave's spinning 

 jenny (1764) revolutionized weaving. Arkwright's so-called 

 water-frame (1769) was an improvement upon the spinning 

 jenny. Compton combined the jenny and the water-frame 

 in his mule or muslin-wheel (1779), and Cartwright's power- 

 loom (1785) increased the demand for power and power- 

 driven machines. The history of weaving is duplicated in 

 many lines of manufactory. Invention followed invention 

 in rapid succession. Improvements in the iron industry 

 made easier the construction of machinery. Commerce 

 demanded better means of transportation. Bridges, break- 

 waters, and dams became common. Road building pro- 

 gressed rapidly, and canal building linked together the 

 growing industrial centers, enabling cities like Manchester 

 and Liverpool to attain an unprecedented prosperity. The 

 steamboat (1807) and the steam locomotive (1825) were the 

 final triumphs of steam as applied to industrial and com- 

 mercial activities. 8 



This Industrial Revolution began in England during the 

 later eighteenth century. Early in the following century 



7 A machine, which revolved by means of steam on the same principle as 

 the modern turbine, is recorded as having been produced by Hero of Alexandria 

 about 130 b. c. But this earliest recorded steam engine, like another machine 

 invented by Hero and driven by the expansive power of heated air, was used 

 only for trivial purposes. Ewing, J. A., Enc. Brit., Article on "Steam Engine." 

 Cf. p. 35 of the present volume. 



8 Tickner, F. W., "A Social and Industrial History of England," Chap. 

 XXXVI. 



