62 THE SCOTTISH NATURALIST 



St Vincent, on the coast of Portugal. Its establishment in 



Bermuda not many years ago, implies a voyage of at least 



some 600 miles from the east coast of North America. Of 



another Danaid (D. misippus) it is recorded that in September 



1865, during a cyclone, many (along with P. cardui and birds) 



came on board a ship 200 miles from the Cape Verde Islands, 



the nearest land, and 600 miles off the coast of Africa. Tutt 



had specimens of this same species, part of a great flight, 



taken in the Atlantic 500 miles from land, and Walker saw it 



700 miles off the African coast. Many intensely interesting 



accounts of the periodical migrations of D. archippus and 



other butterflies on the Continent of America have been 



written ; but these, and the no less marvellous migrations of 



various species in India, Ceylon, Java, etc., cannot be even 



touched upon here. 



Large Hawk-moths have frequently been noted out at 

 sea. Thus, we read of a Death's-head that flew on board 

 a steamer 200 miles off the Cape Verde Islands, and of 

 another that was captured 25 miles off the coast of Ireland; 

 while quite a number have been taken far from land, on the 

 North Sea. Besides occurrences of single specimens on 

 board ship, it is recorded that about thirty years ago many 

 Convolvulus Hawk-moths were washed up by the waves on 

 the coast of Yorkshire, having no doubt perished in the sea 

 when crossing from the Continent. Three specimens of 

 another species (Deilephila capensis) once came on board a 

 vessel when at sea some 470 miles from Gibraltar. Incident- 

 ally, reference has already been made to specific occurrences 

 of several other kinds of moths at sea. In the case of the 

 "Gamma" there is the further interesting record that, in 

 September 1871, a flight settled on a steamer about 20 

 miles off Oporto, "clustering in masses all over the ship." 

 Gatke's account of the "myriads" of this species that 

 have been seen passing Heligoland in August, intermingled 

 with migrating Plovers, Sandpipers, Redstarts, Willow- 

 Warblers, and other small birds all travelling from east to west 

 must be read to be fully appreciated. At a time corres- 

 ponding to one of the vast flights over Heligoland, Cordeaux 

 stated that an enormous immigration of P. gamma took 



