EVOLUTIOX AXD THE AFTER-LIFE. 53 



other portions of the sj'stem, shows such marked relations to the coni- 

 ])lexity and perfection of the movements of which any animal is capa- 

 ble, as to render it nearly certain that its use is to regulate and coordi- 

 nate muscular action ; while the former, as marking a grand advance 

 in the psychic endowments of living creatures, constitutes the most 

 important addition to the nervous system hitherto found.' 



Fig. 3. B.-sain of Fish: 1. Olfactory Ganulia; 2. Cerebral Ganglia; 3. Optic Ganglia; 4. Cere- 

 bellum; 5. Spiual Cord. 



Here, for the first time, inclosed in its bony covering, we have an 

 <irgan possessing, even in a rudimentary form, the principal parts of a 

 complete brain. Of these parts the cerebrum, which is found as merely 

 rudimentary in the fish, now takes the precedence in interest and im- 

 portance from fishes to reptiles, from reptiles to birds, from birds 

 to mammalians, and all through the mammalian tribes, from the im- 

 perfect marsupial upward to the anthropoid apes and man, we find in 

 the main, an unbroken line of increase in cerebral development, and 

 corresponding increase in intellio-ence. 



Then, again, it is of interest to inquire the manner in which this 

 new faculty, intelligence, makes its appearance along with the im- 

 proved nervous organization, and how it diflTers from the instinct of 

 the classes below. 



According to the eminent authority before referred to, as instinct 

 is the aggregate experience of the race, accumulated and impressed 

 upon the nervous system by intiumerable repetitions, inherited by each 

 individual of tlie race and available all at once, so intelligence is the 

 aggregate individual experience and is available only as acquired, 

 though the facility for acquiring it varies according to the nervous 

 organization. Both instinct and intelligence may exist in the same 

 individual, but generally, in proportion as actions governed by intelli- 

 gence become numerous, those governed by instinct decrease in num- 

 ber and importance. In observing the nervous organization of the 



' As expressed by ^{r. Fiske, in his " Cosmic riiilosoi)hy," the ccrelitllum presides 

 over xpnrc relations, wliile tlie cerebrum ]ircsides over tine relations. 



