EVOLUTION AND THE AFTER-LIFE. 57 



tend to make all the indivitlnals of a class alike in physical and 

 pyschical endowments, give place to more complex sensations, gath- 

 ered from a wider ransre of surroundings. The cerebrum bosrins to 

 take cognizance of these sensations, and to give its approval, before 

 tliey are translated into actions ; memory dawns hatred, fear, anger, 

 and revenge, are born ; a certain adapting of means to ends gives 

 evidence of commencing reason ; affection, love of approbation, joy, 

 and sorrow, all these appearing in the races most associated witli man, 

 proclaim the presence of faculties and endowments far above tlie plane 

 of mere instinct, and bordering close upon attributes usunlly applied 

 to soul alone, and in its more dignified estates. 



Exami)les of such endowments in the brute races can hardly have 

 escaped the notice of any intelligent observer. In the faithful dog, 

 who at a Vt'ord from his master collects the stray flock in the stormy 

 Highlands, or brings in the helpless and perishing traveler from the 

 snowy Alps ; who shields his child playmate from the passing danger, 

 or rescues him from threatening death; who, himself hungry, guards 

 food for others ; -who Avith quick perception notes and shares his mas- 

 ter's varying moods, and who metes out justice for the weak against 

 the strong, we behold in humble guise a dawning soul, with which no 

 truly noble soul need wish to ignore kinship. 



To note all the improvements in the physical organ of mind in 

 man, and point out the vast psychical advances which are found in 

 him, compared with the best of the races beneath him, would far 

 exceed our limits. We may, however, notice here that, as in his ner- 

 vous organization, no distinctly new parts are discoverable, but only 

 general growth and development, and especially vast increase in the 

 size and working capacity of the cerebrum, together with improved 

 lines of communication between the different parts of the brain, so in 

 the psychical manifestations which this enlarged and better-developed 

 brain exhibits, no faculties are discovered beyond what these various 

 developments in structure render possible. Does man possess intelli- 

 gence ? It is found also in the lower tribes. Memory ? Many races 

 of animals possess it. Reason ? No definition of it can be formed, 

 consistent with its exercise in man, which can debar it from some fee- 

 ble exercise in his more lowly companions. Up to the point which 

 their organization permits, they possess and exercise faculties akin to 

 those of man. But it is in the degree and perfection to which these 

 faculties attain that the superiority of man is evident ; and here the 

 difference is vast indeed. The intellectual superiority of an ordinary 

 man over the most sagacious animal, which nevertheless can scarcely 

 be taught the simplest relation of numbers, is too vast to be readily 

 comprehended ; but so is the difference immense between tlie reason- 

 ing powers of an infant and a man, or a Hottentot and a Cuvier or 

 Laplace. If a dog cannot be taught simple arithmetic, neither can a 

 Hottentot be taught optics nor analytical geometry, nor be made to 



