SAVAGIS3I AND CIVILIZATION. 199 



and progressive. Between these internal and external forces, between 

 moral and material activities there may be, in some instances, an ap- 

 parent antagonism. The mind may be developed in excess and to the 

 detriment of the body, and the body may be developed in excess and 

 to the detriment of the mind. 



The animal man is a bundle of organs, with instincts implanted 

 that set them in motion ; man, intellectually, is a bundle of sentiments, 

 with an implanted soul that keeps them efiervescent ; mankind in the 

 mass, society we see the fermentations, we mark the transitions ; 

 is there, then, a soul in aggregated humanity as there is in individual 

 humanity ? 



The instincts of man's animality teach the organs to perform their 

 functions as perfectly at the first as at the last ; the instincts of man's 

 intellectuality urge him on in an eternal race for something better, in 

 which perfection is never attained nor attainable ; in society, we see 

 the constant growth, the higher and yet higher development ; now, in 

 this ever-onward movement are there instincts which originate and 

 govern action in the body social as in the body individual ? Is not 

 society a bundle of organs, with an implanted soul of progress, which 

 moves mankind along in a resistless predetermined march ? 



The strangest part of all is, that though wrought out by man as 

 the instrument, and while acting in the capacity of a free agent, this 

 spirit of progress is wholly independent of the will of man. Though 

 in our individual actions we imagine ourselves directed only by our 

 free-will, yet in the end it is most difficult to determine what is the re- 

 sult of free-w^ill, and what of inexorable environment. While we think 

 we are regulating our affairs, our afiairs are regulating us. We plan 

 out improvements, predetermine the best course, and follow it, some- 

 times ; yet, for all that, the principle of social progress is not the man, 

 is not in the man, forms no constituent of his physical or psychical in- 

 dividual being ; it is the social atmosphere into which the man is born, 

 into which he brings nothing, and from which he takes nothing. While 

 a member of society he adds his quota to the general fund, and there 

 leaves it ; while acting as a free agent, he performs his part in work- 

 ing out this problem of social development, performs it unconsciously, 

 willing or unwilling, he performs it, his baser passions being as power- 

 ful instruments of progress as his nobler ; for avarice drives on intel- 

 lect as effectually as benevolence, hate as love, and selfishness does 

 infinitely more for the progress of mankind than philanthropy. Thus 

 is humanity played upon by this principle of progress, and the music 

 sometimes is w^onderful : green fields, as if by magic, take the place 

 of wild forests ; magnificent cities rise out of the ground, the forces 

 of Nature are brought under the dominion of man's intelligence, and 

 senseless substance is endowed with speech and action. 



As to the causes which originate progression al phenomena there 

 are differences of opinion. One sees in the intellect the germ of an 



