SAVAGISM AND CIVILIZATION. 333 



carries with it a sense of inferiority and insufficiency ; the faculties 

 are stinted, lacking completeness, whereas volume is added to every 

 individual faculty by union. 



But association, simply, is not enough ; nothing materially great 

 can be accomplished without union and cooperation. It is only when 

 aggregations of families intermingle with other aggregations, each 

 contributing its quota of original knowledge to the other; when the 

 individual gives up some portion of his individual will and property 

 for the better jjrotection of other rights and property ; when he in- 

 trusts society with the vindication of his rights ; when he depends 

 upon the banded arm of the nation, and not alone upon his own arm 

 for redress of grievances, that progress is truly made. And with 

 union and cooperation comes the division of labor by which means 

 each, in some special department, is enabled to excel. By fixing the 

 mind wholly upon one thing, by constant repetition and practice, the 

 father hands down his art to the son, who likewise improves it for his 

 descendants. It is only by doing a new thing, or by doing an old 

 thing better than it has ever been done before, that progress is made. 

 Under the regime of universal mediocrity the nation does not advance; 

 it is to the great men, great in things great or small, that progress is 

 due ; it is to the few who think, to the few who dare to face the infi- 

 nite universe of things, and step, if need be, outside an old-time boun- 

 dary, that the world owes most. 



Originally implanted is the germ of intelligence, at the first biit 

 little more than brute instinct. This germ in unfolding undergoes a 

 double process : it throws off its own intuitions, and receives in return 

 those of another. By an interchange of ideas, the experiences of one 

 are made known for the benefit of another, the inventions of one are 

 added to the inventions of another ; without intercommunication of 

 ideas the intellect must lie dormant. Thus it is with individuals, and 

 with societies it is the same. Acquisitions are eminently reciprocal. 

 In society, wealth, art, literature, polity, and religion, act and react 

 on each other; in science, a fusion of antagonistic hypotheses is sure 

 to result in important developments. Before much progress can be 

 made, there must be established a commerce between nations for the 

 interchange of aggregated human experiences, so that the arts and 

 industries acquired by each may become the property of all the rest, 

 and thus knowledge become scattered by exchange, in place of each 

 having to work out every problem for himself. Thus viewed, civiliza- 

 tion is a partnership entered into for mutual improvement ; a joint- 

 stock operation, in which the product of every brain contributes to a 

 general fund for the benefit of all. No one can add to his own store 

 of knowledge without adding to the general store; every invention 

 and discovery, however insignificant, is a contribution to civilization. 



In savagism, union and cooperation are imperfectly displayed. 

 The warrioi's of one tribe unite against the warriors of another; a 



