INFIRMITIES OF SPEECH. 467 



the spinal cord, that is injiu-ed, all the nerves coming out from it are 

 paralyzed ; and, so long as the ganglion from which the respiratory 

 nerves come is not aftected, life is possible, however numerous the 

 paralyses. Now, it appears that, for each of our functions, respira- 

 tion, movements of the heart or of the eye, deglutition, etc., there is a 

 special ganglion of the gray substance forming part of the central 

 column, and. charged with the regular coordination of the movements 

 necessary to the accomplishment of this function. Thus, e. g., in order 

 to voluntary swallowing, it is first necessary that the will determine 

 movements of deglutition, then that this order be transmitted to the 

 nervous centre of deglutition, i. e., a small body of gray substance 

 Avhich anatomists have called the olivary body (on account of its form), 

 and which presides over this function. 



Between these two centres, however, of which one is producer and 

 the other coordinator, there is a third, the centre of impulsion. The 

 central gray substance, expanding in the brain, forms two large gan- 

 glions surrounded entirely by white substance, except at their base, 

 Avhich is connected with the central axis. These two large cerebral 

 ganglions are called respectively the optic layers and the corpora 

 striata. It is they that determine the motor impulsion, that transmit 

 to such and such a ganglionic nerve-centre the order to put itself in 

 motion. Thus the nervous influx arising from will proceeds from the 

 superficial nerve-cells to the ganglionic centres of the brain, then to 

 the ganglionic centres of the sjjinal cord, issuing in regular movement. 

 It is something like the case of an electric telegraph, with stations and 

 intermediate relays. 



Now, coming to aphasia, it seems to have been well established 

 (from post-mortem examination) that there is a limited region of the 

 superficial portion of the brain, on which the faculty of articulate lan- 

 guage is dependent, and impairment of which gives rise to aphasia as 

 understood by M. Broca. First of all, it is in the left hemisphere (a 

 curious thing in an organ so symmetrical as the brain). Next, it is in 

 the anterior part of this hemisphere ; and, lastly, to be more precise, 

 it is the third cerebral convolution. Agreeably with this, it is found 

 that a great number of aphasic patients are paralyzed in the right side 

 of the body. It must be understood that the nerve-fibres cross over 

 from the left hemisphere. 



We may regard the anterior convolutions of the left hemisjihere as 

 a sort of logopoietic, or word-forming apparatus, where the previously 

 vague idea becomes precise and distinct, taking a word-form and be- 

 coming representative. Lordat distinguishes these two forms of in- 

 telligence as the interior logos and the exterior logos. It should be 

 remembered that this conception is a pure hypothesis ; but it is in 

 accordance with the facts. 



But, for a phrase thought by us to come to the ear of another, a 

 second series of apparatus is required. This is the continuous chain 



