64 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



favorably not only with, the foremost savage races, but with many 

 civilized nations of modern times. 



One or two other crania of much lower type, but of less antiquity 

 than this, have been discovered ; but they in no way invalidate the 

 conclusion which so highly developed a form at so early a period im 

 plies, viz., that we have as yet made a hardly perceptible step tow- 

 ard the discovery of any earlier stage in the development of man. 



2. This conclusion is supported and enforced by the nature of 

 many of the works of art found even in the oldest cave-dwellings. 

 The flints are of the old chipped type, but they are formed into a large 

 variety of tools and weapons such as scrapers, awls, hammers, saws, 

 lances, etc. implying a variety of purposes for which these were used, 

 and a corresponding degree of mental activity and civilization. Nu- 

 merous articles of bone have also been found, including well-formed 

 needles, implying that skins were sewn together, and perhaps even 

 textile materials woven into cloth. Still more important are the nu- 

 merous carvings and drawings representing a variety of animals, in- 

 cluding horses, reindeer, and even a mammoth, executed with con- 

 siderable skill on bone, reindeer horns, and mammoth-tusks. Tliese, 

 taken together, indicate a state of civilization much higher than that 

 of the lowest of our modern savages, while it is quite compatible with 

 a considerable degree of mental advancement, and leads us to believe 

 that the crania of Engis and Cro-Magnon are not exceptional, but 

 fairly represent the characters of the race. If we further remember 

 that these people lived in Europe under the unfavorable conditions of 

 a sub-arctic climate, we shall be inclined to agree with Dr. Daniel 

 Wilson, that it is far easier to produce evidences of deterioration than 

 of progress in instituting a comparison between the contemporaries 

 of the mammoth and later prehistoric races of Europe or savage na- 

 tions of modern times. 1 



3. Yet another important line of evidence as to the extreme an- 

 tiquity of the human type has been brought prominently forward by 

 Prof. Mivart. 2 He shows, by careful comparison of all parts of the 

 structure of the body, that man is related, not to any one, but almost 

 equally to many of the existing apes to the orang, the chimpanzee, 

 the gorilla, and even to the gibbons in a variety of ways ; and these 

 relations and differences are so numerous and so diverse that on the 

 theory of evolution the ancestral form which ultimately developed 

 into man must have diverged from the common stock whence all 

 these various forms and their extinct allies originated. But so far 

 back as the Miocene deposits of Europe, we find the remains of 

 apes allied to these various forms, and especially to the gibbons, 

 so that in all probability the special line of variation which led up to 

 man branched off at a still earlier period. And these early forms, 

 being the initiation of a far higher type, and having to develop by 



1 "Prehistoric Man," third edition, vol. i., p: 117. a "Man and Apes," pp. 171-193. 



