96 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



Had this protoplasm self-consciousness ? I rather think that 

 neither Prof. Huxley nor Prof. Tyndall would say that it had. Ani- 

 mals from the very first have sensations, and also, at least the higher 

 ones, ideas and very curious instincts, by which they make provision 

 for coming evils of which they can have no conception. Finally, in 

 the last of the unnumbered ages we have man with his intelligence, 

 his conscience and free-will, all attested by consciousness. Will evo- 

 lutionists pretend that on any rational or inductive principle they can 

 tell Low these new powers came into being and into action ? When 

 the book of Genesis tells us how these agencies did come in, and in 

 particular how man appeared, science has and can have no facts to 

 lead us to discredit it. 



3. There is Final Cause in Nature. Laplace, a great mathema- 

 tician but not a great philosopher, imagined that, when we have dis- 

 covered an efficient, it is not necessary to seek for a final cause. 

 Aristotle, with a much more enlarged conception of the nature of 

 the universe, maintained that we are to seek for both these causes 

 and for two others besides, the material and the formal. The fact 

 is, that final causes presuppose efficient causes ; and the efficient 

 causes effect, by their cooperation, the final cause. We argue final 

 cause, that is design, from the collocation of efficient causes to pro- 

 mote an evident end, say the ear to hear and the eye to see. The 

 doctrine of development does not undermine or in any way interfere 

 with the argument from design. This was asserted by Hugh Miller 

 when the "Vestiges of Creation" was published, and has been 

 gracefully illustrated and defended by Prof. Asa Gray in his pleasant 

 book, " Darwiniana." When we argue that a watch has had a maker, 

 we do not suppose it necessary that the watch should have been 

 made by an immediate fiat of the mechanic. We so infer, because 

 we discover agents combined to produce a particular effect, and the 

 combination of these may have taken days or weeks of patient labor. 

 So, the fact that the present adaptations and forms of the plant and 

 animal may have been produced by a great number of antecedents, 

 acting through ages, does not show that there is no design, but 

 rather proves that there has been a bountiful end contemplated all 

 along, and effected by a long process. Prof. Huxley, in the opening 

 of his last lecture, has expressed his admiration an admiration with 

 which I thoroughly sympathize of the structure of the horse : "The 

 horse is in many ways a most remarkable animal, inasmuch as it 

 presents us with an example of one of the most perfect pieces of 

 machinery in the animal kingdom. In fact, among mammalia it 

 cannot be said that there is any locomotive so perfectly adapted to 

 its purpose, doing so much work with so small a quantity of fuel, as 

 this animal, the horse." He speaks of the beauty of the animal aris- 

 ing " from the perfect balance of his parts and the rhythm and per- 

 fection of their action. Its locomotive apparatus is, as you are 



