IS DEVELOPMENT HYPOTHESIS SUFFICIENT? 97 



aware, resident in its slender fore and hind legs, which are flexible and 

 elastic levers, capable of being moved by very heavy muscles. And 

 in order to supply the engines that work these levers the muscles-- 

 with the force they expend, the horse is provided with a very perfect 

 feeding apparatus and very perfect digestive apparatus." In all 

 these things being provided the phrase used by Huxley, though he 

 has no right to use it there is evidence of purpose, and this is 

 not diminished, but rather increased, by the fact that the animal 

 has been thus perfected by a long descent from an ancient progeni- 

 tor. The argument of Paley and of the Bridgewater Treatises, 

 derived from the bones and muscles of animals, and from the adjust- 

 ments in every part of Nature, is as valid and convincing as ever. 

 I believe Prof. Huxley admits this. I discover adaptation and con- 

 trivance, not only in the products but in the very process of devel- 

 opment. Viewed in this light, development may, in the hands of a 

 new Paley, furnish further and very striking cases of design. For, in 

 order to the success of the process, there is often need of coordinated 

 structure, that is, of a structure in which a number of parts are 

 adapted to each other. My friend Mr. Joseph J. Murphy has sup- 

 plied us with an instance in the case of the two nervous connections 

 of the iris of the eye. " One of its nerves has its root in the brain, 

 and contracts the pupil under the stimulus of light ; the other has its 

 root in the sympathetic ganglia, and opens the pupil again when the 

 intensity of light is diminished. It is obviously impossible that the 

 efficiency of either of these two nerves could be increased separately ; 

 they will not be improved at all unless they are improved together ; 

 and this, on Darwin's principles, can only be done by means of acci- 

 dental favorable circumstances occurring in both at once. But such 

 coincidences are so improbable that they may be left out of account 

 as if they were impossible." I do not agree with Mr. Murphy in 

 thinking that such an instance tells against Darwin ; but I think the 

 coincidence shows a preordained arrangement, and such coincidences 

 are found in nearly every case of development, thus showing the need 

 of cooperation and contrivance in the very developing process. It is 

 to be observed that evolution, vegetable and animal, and natural 

 selection, are not simple properties of matter like gravitation and 

 chemical affinity. They imply the concurrence of an immense number 

 of agents, mechanical, chemical, electric, galvanic ; and Darwin adds 

 pangenesis, and Spencer physiological units. In the concurrence 

 and cooperation of all these to develop the plant and animal, I see 

 proof of purpose ; and in the culmination of the whole in the perfect 

 forms of the higher animated beings, I discover a guiding intelligence 

 which designed the end from the beginning. 



4. There are Typical Forms in Nature. It is now twenty years 

 since, in conjunction with Dr. Dickie, I wrote "Typical Forms and 

 Special Ends in Creation," in which I showed that there was not 

 vol. x. 7 



