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THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



hold enough on society to restrain its con- 

 duct in some directions and elevate it in 

 others. But these advantages are still, to 

 an enormous extent, made use of in the 

 division of the products of labor between 

 the capitalists and the laborers, and, as a 

 result, there is deep injustice in the indus- 

 trial world. There has been some improve- 

 ment in the past; the hopeful man sees 

 reasons to believe in its continuance. Mr. 

 Larned has a large faith: perceiving that 

 this improvement has sprung from moral 

 sources, from the 'slow working of juster 

 ideas into juster conduct, he looks to the 

 same sources for the higher progress of the 

 future, and has been led to examine our 

 institutions, to find out what readjustments 

 are necessary. 



Before we can follow an author, who 

 has such a position to maintain, into the 

 main body of his thesis, we are in self- 

 defense bound to assure ourselves that he 

 has an adequate conception of man's moral 

 nature, and the working of moral forces. 

 If he be defective here, his work must be 

 unfruitful. Mr. Larned has spoken plainly 

 and at length on the subject, and his views 

 are so broad as to inspire a full confidence 

 in his mental grasp and scientific culture. 

 His discussion of this point is an excellent 

 piece of exposition. The whole statement 

 is clear and incisive, and there is about it 

 that impressiveness which lodges a fact of 

 grave import firmly in the mind. It is 

 difficult to select any portion for quota- 

 tion, owing to the logical connection be- 

 tween all its parts. We merely give here 

 a conclusion that he arrives at, as it bears 

 on what we have to say : " There is this 

 order, as I believe, in the development of 

 humanity: 1. Toward objective or sensuous 

 intelligence; 2. Toward subjective or moral 

 intelligence ; 3. Toward the disciplining of 

 the animal man to act in accord with his 

 intelligence. The first of these will always 

 l>e far in advance of the second; the second 

 always in advance of the third; and yet the 

 first and the second contribute steadily to 

 the last, in which their whole divine pur- 

 pose would seem to be consummated." 



With this key given us, it is- seen that 

 the evolution of that justice which is ulti- 

 mately to correct the most glaring iniqui- 

 ties in the relations of capitalists and labor- 



ers proceeds from the application of the 

 accepted principles of morality to the facts 

 attending those relations, and the deduc- 

 tion therefrom of higher rules of conduct. 

 This means that the human mind has to 

 pass through a period of moral enlighten- 

 ment a period marked by the extension 

 of simple notions of right to the relation- 

 ships in question. The average intellect 

 does not move swiftly of its own accord to 

 such a task, nor does it incline, by patient 

 efforts of its own, to penetrate the dark- 

 ness of a deep subject, for guidance to in- 

 telligent action. More courageous spirits 

 must sift and analyze the material ; must 

 place by the side of the conclusions gath- 

 ered together the teachings of the ethical 

 system which humanity has worked out 

 and to time must be left the slow but in- 

 evitable adjustment of human conduct to 

 the dictates of the higher intelligence thus 

 spread abroad. The work before us is an 

 attempt to do for its subject what has been 

 hinted at as open to the investigator, adding 

 to this a brief but suggestive inquiry into 

 the changes in the machinery of industrial 

 life which will insure to the laborers a 

 larger share in the products of labor. In 

 a word, it may be said to be the bringing 

 together of the moral and economical 

 aspects of the labor-question. A mere 

 allusion to some of the various topics 

 examined is all that our space leaves us. 



The subjects first treated are of a gen- 

 eral character, and aretaken up to enable 

 the author to elaborate the theoretic rela- 

 tion between capital and labor, deducible 

 from primary principles. Under this head 

 it is sought to roughly but fairly define the 

 extent to which the advantages flowing 

 from superior faculties may be legitimately 

 exercised. Leading out of this theme is the 

 allied one of the relative value of the facul- 

 ties which contribute to production. If a 

 fund is to be shared between the various 

 contributors to it, Justice says, Let the prin- 

 ciple of division be based on a comparison 

 of the used energies and capabilities of the 

 contributors. The products of labor are 

 not divided on this principle now, and never 

 will be until the millennium ; but it is the 

 ideal standard toward which we.must tend. 

 There is no justification in reason for the 

 giant's share going to one class, as it actual- 



