THE UNITED STATES LIFE-SAVING SERVICE. 185 



determination from the water is maintained for the upper portion of 

 the boat by a distribution of air-cases at the sides and ends, scientifi- 

 cally proportioned. The self-bailing characteristic is effected by a 

 deck adjusted with reference to the draught of the boat, so that, what- 

 ever be the load of the latter, the deck is above the load-line; and, be- 



Fig. 3. Self-Righting Life-Boat upon its Carriage. 



ing fitted with tubes extending vertically down through the bottom of 

 the boat, it follows that whatever water the boat takes on board falls 

 through the tubes, in obedience to the law which. compels fluids to 

 seek their level, and leaves the deck free. The delivery tubes are fur- 

 nished with self-acting valves, opening to the downward pressure of 

 the water shipped by the boat, and shutting to the pressure of the jets 

 from below. Cork ballast adds by its weight to the stability of the 

 boat, and augments its buoyancy in case the boat be stove. Two 

 masts, made detachable, are provided, fitted with two low lug-sails 

 and a jib. The boat is wellnigh invulnerable, but its great weight and 

 draught, and the resistance its high bows offer to the wind, often 

 make its towage by steam-tug necessary to enable it to reach a wreck 

 at a distance. Particular attention is given to the stowage of its 

 ropes, lines, anchors, and other articles carried in life-boats, these be- 

 ing arranged by a strict method with reference to economy of space 

 and facility of use, and always kept on board, ready for service, lest 

 any of them should be forgotten in the excitement of a sudden sum- 



