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THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY.— SUPPLEMENT. 



that there are still more remarkable differences in 

 the cost of education in the different States. The 

 Territory of Arizona, with eleven schools and 560 

 pupils enrolled, 1 spends 169s. 8c?. on each of 

 them, while Georgia spends only lis. 3c?.; Massa- 

 chusetts spends 80s. ; Connecticut, 51s. 8c?. ; Cali- 

 fornia, 68s. 4c?. ; Ohio, 42s. 3c?. ; Louisiana, 37s. 8c?.; 

 Florida, 23s. 5c?. 



Mr. Adams (" Free Schools," p. 71) has worked 

 out the amount of taxation paid per head in sev- 

 eral States for the maintenance of schools. I give 

 a few of the results which he has arrived at. The 

 figures are for the year 1873. In Massachusetts 

 the population contributed 9s. ll^c?. per head ; 

 in New York, 8s. 9\d. ; in Pennsylvania, 8s. \d. ; 

 in Kentucky, 2s. 4^c?. ; in Louisiana, 2s. 6c?. ; in 

 Michigan, 8s. lc/. ; in Illinois, 9s. 3fc?. ; in New 

 Jersey, 10s.; in Iowa, 12s. 2|c?. 



These figures afford, of course, no materials 

 for comparison with our expenditure on public 

 elementary schools in England, since the Ameri- 

 can expenditure covers the cost of high-schools 

 and normal schools, as well as primary and gram- 

 mar schools. But they serve to illustrate the readi- 

 ness with which the people bear taxation for edu- 

 cational purposes. 



The social position of American teachers is 

 much higher than that of the teachers in our own 

 public elementary schools ; but in many parts of 

 America teachers' salaries are not larger than 

 in England. The scale of salaries varies greatly, 

 however, in different States and different cities. 

 In Philadelphia, the principals of boys' grammar- 

 schools receive £363 per annum ; the salaries of 

 the assistants are graded, according to rank, from 

 £123 to £96. In girls' grammar-schools the prin- 

 cipals receive £186 ; the assistants receive the 

 same salaries as in the boys' grammar-schools. 

 In the secondary schools — a grade between the 

 "primary" and the grammar — the principals re- 

 ceive £123 ; the assistants from £101 to £91. In 

 the primary school.?, principals £111 ; assistants 

 from £96 to £87. In Chicago, the schedule does 

 not distinguish between the principals of gram- 

 mar-schools and the principals of primary schools ; 



keeping of uniform registers, and that the rules for 

 determining how many scholars may be returned as 

 '•enrolled," or as "belonging," or as "in average 

 attendance," vary in different school-districts. I ob- 

 serve that in Mr. Eaton's table the city and county of 

 New York is represented as receiving $584,655 from 

 the State tax. In a schedule contained in the New 

 York report, $54,303 of this amount are shown to come 

 not from the State tax, but from the Statu fund. 

 1 One county sends no returns. 



eighteen principals receive each £310. One re- 

 ceives £270 ; one £240 ; one £210 ; fourteen 

 £180; four £163; eight principals or "teachers 

 in charge " £137 ; five principals or " teachers in 

 charge" £143. Head assistants receive £160 or 

 £150. Two hundred ordinary assistants receive 

 £130 each; one hundred £115; one hundred 

 £105 ; one hundred £95 ; sixty £S5 ; sixty £75. 



In New York the salaries are much higher. 

 Principals in boys' grammar-schools receive £450, 

 £500, £550, and £600 per annum; vice-principals 

 £400 and £500 ; male assistants £330 and £377 ; 

 female assistants, an average salary not exceed- 

 ing £170. In girls' grammar-schools, principals 

 receive salaries varying from £240 to £400 ; vice- 

 principals from £240 to £359 ; assistants an av- 

 erage salary not exceeding £155. In primary 

 schools, principals from £200 to £360 ; vice-prin- 

 cipals from £180 to £240; assistants an average 

 salary not exceeding £120. 



In Boston the salaries are higher still ; after 

 the first year, masters of grammar-schools re- 

 ceive £640 per annum ; sub-masters £520 ; ushers 

 £400 ; first assistants (female) £240 ; second first 

 assistants (female) £200; second assistants (fe- 

 male) £170; third assistants (female) from £120 

 to £160, according to length of service. In pri- 

 mary schools all the teachers are ranked as 

 "fourth assistants," and receive salaries rising, 

 according to length of service, from £120 per 

 annum to £160. 



In their expenditure on school-buildings, the 

 boards appeared to me to be economical. The 

 buildings for the primary and grammar schools 

 were all very much alike, and I do not remember 

 noticing in any of them any attempt at architect- 

 ural display. The elevation is'usually very plain, 

 and there is no unnecessary expenditure on inte- 

 rior decoration, or on furniture or fittings. The 

 buildings are, as a rule, three stories high, and 

 the play-grounds are very small. Nearly always, 

 however, every class is taught in a separate room, 

 and the school-apparatus is generally admirable. 



The worst buildings that I saw are those in 

 New York. The city is heavily in debt, largely 

 in consequence of the enormous and unparalleled 

 frauds of which the city authorities were guilty a 

 few years ago, and there is difficulty in obtaining 

 grants from the Council for new school-buildings. 

 In some of the schools several classes were being 

 taught in one room, and the number of children 

 was often far in excess of what the rooms could 

 conveniently accommodate. The regulation of 

 our own department, which provides that there 

 shall be " eight square feet of area " and " eighty 



