74 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



dom, he did not strike against any object, and if things were put in 

 his way he uniformly avoided them. There was, however, a striking 

 difference. He regarded very coldly those men whom he used to greet 

 most affectionately. He was indifferent to the dogs he always played 

 with before. However hungry and thirsty he was, he did not go to 

 the corner of the room where his food was, as formerly ; and, if food 

 and water were placed directly in his path, he would go round and 

 round them without noticing them at all. The sight of the whip, 

 which used to drive him into the corner, did not now produce the 

 slightest effect. He used to raise his paw when your hand was moved 

 before his eyes ; now he will not lift it, however much the hand is 

 moved." 



From these and similar facts, Munk draws a conclusion which, to 

 say the least, seems a trifle broader than the premises. He says : 

 " There can be no doubt about the meaning of these observations. By 

 the extirpation of this portion of the brain, the dog has become soul- 

 blind. He has lost the sight-perceptions which he once possessed ; his 

 recollection-imag&s of things seen before are gone, so that he can not 

 recognize what he sees still he sees / sensations of sight come to his 

 consciousness, so that he receives a knowledge of the existence, form, 

 and position of external objects, but he does not know what these 

 mean this knowledge must be learned anew. The dog has been set 

 back to his earliest years, to the time when he first opened his eyes ; he 

 must learn to see." 



As removal of this part of the occipital lobe causes soul-blindness, 

 so a removal of a portion of the temporo-sphenoidal lobe causes soul- 

 deafness. 



Until lately the defenders of localization seemed to be justified in 

 believing that something had been established as to a motor area of 

 the brain ; they might well feel, also, that a beginning had been made 

 toward connecting certain parts of the cortex with specific sensations 

 and might hope that further experiment would remove, in considerable 

 degree, the present disagreements. The doctrine of localization, both 

 as a whole and in detail, has, however, received a severe blow at the 

 hands of Professor Goltz, of Strasburg. In 1876 this distinguished 

 experimenter began the publication of a series of papers in " Pfliiger's 

 Archiv fur die gesammte Physiologic" In September, 1881, this 

 series was finished and published by itself. Professor Goltz fearlessly 

 declares that he has overthrown all the conclusions about division of 

 the brain into motor and sensory areas, and brought back our knowl- 

 edge of brain-function to the old view of Flourens, viz., that the cere- 

 brum is one organ, having one function throughout. Professor Goltz's 

 experiments were confined entirely to dogs, and their chief significance 

 is due to the fact that he was able to keep the animal alive after re- 

 moval of larger masses of the cerebrum than any other experimenter. 

 These experiments seem to have been abundant and thorough. As a 



