200 



HARDWICKE'S SCIENCE-GOSSIP. 



occurred worth mentioning, except that a quantity of 

 white Geranium robertianum grew by the road, and 

 Narthechim was plentiful in a bog near Keswick, the 

 gone over spikes being very noticeable. 



At Keswick we visited the pencil works. Almost 

 all the lead now used for pencils is brought from 

 Mexico, and is prepared by grinding down to a paste 

 and baking. Genuine Borrowdale lead or "wad" is 

 now worth from two to three shillings per ounce, and 

 is used only for the best drawing pencils, the mines 

 having been some time closed. It was merely cut to 

 the right size and put into the pencil. 



Besides this, raised maps or models of the Lake 

 district are shown at Keswick. One on the scale of 

 three inches to the mile was made some sixty years 

 ago by Mr. Flintoft, from measurements made entirely 

 by himself, and is exhibited with a small but interest- 

 ing local museum containing collections 

 of the fauna of the district, granites, 

 porphyrites, "wad" from Borrowdale, 

 quartzes, rock borings, ores, and antiqui- 

 ties, also a rock harmonicon, a musical 

 instrument formed of slabs of hornblende 

 slate from Skiddaw. A newer model on 

 the six inch scale is also among the sights 

 of Keswick ; this was made after the 

 Ordnance Survey. 



It is very hard to decide which is the 

 loveliest ; Derwentwater or Ullswater. 

 Many prefer the richly-wooded sides and 

 broad expanse of the former to the wilder 

 hills which encompass the latter. About 

 Keswick, however, there are rows of boat 

 landings, which seriously mar the beauty 

 of the lake. And when Ullswater again 

 burst on our view, we at once decided in 

 its favour. As we skirted the shores, the 

 full moon rose over the lake, and it was 

 truly glorious. 



Only a few days, and then — we took 

 the same walk, but the other way, and 

 with feelings of sorrow at its being our 

 last walk ; and often did we look back at Patterdale 

 where we had had so pleasant a three weeks' stay. 

 Where we greeted the lake with pleasure a short 

 while before, we now parted from it with regret, and 

 soon were brought back into every-day life. 



I have examined the list of Local Floras published 

 in Science Gossip a year or two ago to find whether 

 any flora of Cumberland or Westmoreland is published, 

 but, to my great surprise, considering the richness of 

 this district, I find none named. Unless there is one 

 published of whose existence I am unaware — and if so 

 your readers will, I trust, kindly inform me on this 

 point — there is great need of a "Flora of the Lakes," 

 as the botanical information in guide books is very 

 fragmentary and incomplete. Thus, " Jenkinson " 

 gives only two localities — Barrow and Castlerigg — for 

 the parsley fern, and one, Causey Pike, for Lycopo- 



dium clavatum, alpinum and selago — how abundantly 

 we found them at Patterdale I have mentioned above. 

 While in an old " Murray " we had with us many of 

 l he botanical names are misspelt, and one is at first 

 puzzled as to what are the Cystopleris fragilis, Sedura 

 rhodiola, Armenia maistima or Dnosera rodundifora. 



G. H. Bryan. 



OBSERVATIONS ON CLEAVAGE. 

 No. II. 



PROFESSOR GEIKIE remarks that, "among 

 curved rocks, the cleavage planes may be 

 seen traversing the contortions without sensible 

 deflection from their normal direction, parallelism, 

 and high angle," and he further affirms, on the 



Fig. i 20. 



authority of Jukes, that the trend of the cleavage over 

 the whole of the south of Ireland seldom departs io 

 from the normal direction E. 25 N., no matter what 

 may be the differences in character and age of the 

 rocks which it crosses.* We have shown in a former 

 paper that, in one portion of the Central Wales 

 district at least, there is often very sensible deflection 

 in the dip of the cleavage, and that this is due to the 

 varying hardness (or resistance to fracture) of the beds 

 crossed by the cleavage in the dip. Now, assuming 

 that the strike of cleavage is constant, this non- 

 variability of direction may be accounted for from the 

 fact that cleavage-planes seldom cut across the planes 

 of bedding along the line of strike. It is well-known 

 that the strike of beds, and that of cleavage traver- 



* E.icyel. Trit. vol. x. 9th ed., p. 307. 



