1896. THE PIGMENTS OF ANIMALS. 177 



Urech's suggestions, though of great interest, are difficult to 

 work out in detail, and are probably premature. As to the signifi- 

 cance of the colour change in the Vanessid, opinions are still divided. 

 Spuler opposes the theory of its phyiogenetic significance and the 

 correlated assumption that the Vanessce were once all white. Certainly, 

 at the present time, the trend of scientific opinion seems against such 

 detailed applications of the Recapitulation Theory. 



REFERENCES. 



1. Chatin, A., and Muntz, A. — "Etude chimique sur la nature et les causes du 



verdissement des Huitres." C. R. Ac. Sci., vol. cxviii., pp. 17-23 and 56-58 ; 

 1894. 



2. Coste, F. H. Perry—" Insect Colours." Nature, vol. xlv., pp. 513-17, 541, 



542, and 605 ; 1892. 



3. Cunningham, J. T., and MacMunn, C. A. — "On the Coloration of the 



Skins of Fishes, especially of Pleuronectidae." Phil Travis. Roy. Soc. London, 

 vol. clxxxiv., B, pp. 765-812, 3 pis. ; 1893. 



4. Hopkins, F. Gowrland — " Pigment in Yellow Butterflies." Absi. Proc. Cheni. 



Soc, vol. v., p. 117; 1889. See also Nature, vol. xl., p. 335, and letter in 

 Nature, vol. xlv., pp. 197, 198 ; 1891. 



5. . — "Pigments of Lepidoptera." Nature, vol. xlv., 



p. 581 ; 1892. 



-" The Pigments of the Pieridae." Proc. Roy. Soc. 



London, vol. Ivii., pp. 5 and 6 ; 1894. 

 7. Krukenberg, C. Fr. W.— " Vergleichend - Physiologische Studien und 



Vortrage." Heidelberg ; 1881-89. 

 S. Lankester, E. Ray — "A Contribution to the Knowledge of Haemoglobin." 



Proc. Roy. Soc, vol. xxi., pp. 70-81, i pi. ; 1873. 

 9. . — "Green Oysters." Quart.' Journ. Micr. Sci., vol. xxvi., 



PP- 71-93. I pl- ; 1886. 



10. MacMunn, C. A. — " The Chromatology of the Blood of some Invertebrates." 



Quart. Jojirn. Micr. Sci., vol. xxv., pp. 469-489, 2 pis. ; 1885. See also other 

 papers referred to in this article. 



11. Poulton, E. B.—" The Essential Nature of the Colouring of Phytophagous 



Larvje (and their Pupae) ; with an Account of some Experiments upon the 

 Relations between the Colour of such Larvae and that of their Food-plants." 

 Proc. Roy. Soc. London, vol. xxxviii., pp. 269-314, i fig. ; 1885. 



12. . — "The Experimental Proof that the Colours of certain Lepidop- 



terous Larvae are largely due to- modified Plant Pigments derived from 

 Food." Proc. Roy. Soc London, vol. liv., pp. 417-430, 2 pis.; '1893. 



13. Spuler, A. — "Beitriige zur Kenntnis des feinen Baues und der Phylogenie der 



Fliigelbedeckung der Schmetterlinge." Zool. Jahrbi'tch. Abth. Anat., vol. viii., 

 pp. 520-543, I pl. ; 1895. Includes numerous references. 



14. Urech, F. — "Chemisch-analytische Untersuchungen an lebenden Raupen, 



Puppen u. Schmetterlingen u. an ihren Secreten." Zool. Aiizeig., vol. xiii., 

 pp. 254-60, 272-80, 309-14, and 334-41 ; 1890. 



15- .— " Beobachtungen iiber die verschiedenen Schuppenfarben u. die 



zeitliche Succession ihres Auftretens (Farbenfelderung) auf den Puppen- 

 fliigelchen von Vanessa urticu: u. io." Zool. Anzeig., vol. xiv., pp. 466-473 ; 1891. 



i6- . — " Beitriige zur Kenntnis der Farbe von Insektenschuppen." 



Zeitschr. wissenscha/t. Zool., vol. Ivii., pp. 306-384 ; 1893. 

 17. Wickmann, H.— " Die Fjirbung der Vogeleier." Miinster : 8vo, 64 pp. ; 1893. 

 See also E. B. Poulton's "Colours of Animals," 1890, and F. E. Beddard's 

 " Animal Coloration," 1892. 



M. I. Newbigin. 

 o 



