PROF. HUXLEY AND THE SWINE-MIRACLE. 505 



distinguished, namely, the city of Gadara and the vicinage at- 

 tached to it, not as a mere pomarium, but as a rural district. 



2. He more fatally confounds the local civil government and 

 its following, including, perhaps, the whole wealthy class and 

 those attached to it, with the ethnical character of the general 

 population. 



3. His one item of direct evidence as to the Gentile character 

 of the city refers only to the former and not to the latter. 



4. He fatally confounds the question of political party with 

 those of nationality and of religion, and assumes that those who 

 took the side of Rome in the factions that prevailed could not be 

 subject to the Mosaic law. 



5. His examination of the text of Josephus is alike one-sided, 

 inadequate, and erroneous. 



6. Finally, he sets aside, on grounds not critical or historical, 

 but purely subjective, the primary historical testimony on the 

 subject, namely, that of the three Synoptic Evangelists, who write 

 as contemporaries, and deal directly with the subject, neither of 

 which is done by any other authority. 



7. And he treats the entire question, in the narrowed form in 

 which it arises upon secular testimony, as if it were capable of a 

 solution so clear and summary as to warrant the use of the ex- 

 tremest weapons of controversy against those who presume to 

 differ from him. 



Our main question, then, is the lawfulness and innocence of 

 the employment of the swineherds. The ethnical character of 

 Gadara and of its district derives its interest from its relation to 

 that main question. In my opinion, not formed without an at- 

 tempt at full examination, there is no historical warrant for 

 doubting that the swineherds were persons bound by the Mosaic 

 law. In the opinion of Mr. Huxley,* "the proof that Gadara 

 was, to all intents and purposes, a Gentile and not a Jewish city, 

 is complete." And, again, f Gadara was, " for Josephus, just as 

 much a Gentile city as Ptolemais." Utterly contesting these two 

 propositions, I make two admissions : first, that one or more of 

 the many and sparse references of Josephus may easily mislead a 

 prepossessed and incomplete inquirer ; and secondly, that in the 

 territory of Gadara, and in various other parts of Palestine, it 

 would be a mistake to look for a perfectly homogeneous popu- 

 lation either Hebrew or Gentile. 



Outside the text of Josephus, Prof. Huxley adduces but a 

 single fact in support of his allegations concerning Gadara the 

 fact, namely, that its coinage was Gentile. But coinage is essen- 

 tially, and is most of all in conquered a country, the work of the 



* Nineteenth Century, p. 973. \ Ibid., p. 974. 



vol. xxxix. 35 



