PROF. HUXLEY AND THE SWINE-MIRACLE. 507 



Roman and anti-Roman factions ; ardent spirits always disposed 

 to rise, and spirits more sluggish and pacific, who were either in- 

 different or indisposed to run the risk. Further, the strife be- 

 tween these sometimes went to blood, and not unfrequently placed 

 the same community on different sides at different times. This, 

 undoubtedly, I have to prove. I will first illustrate it by various 

 cases including even Jerusalem itself, and will afterward show 

 that, if we wish to make sense and not nonsense out of Josephus, 

 we must apply the same ideas to Gadara, which besides, in all 

 likelihood, had some mixture of population, and classes possessed 

 of wealth and influence, which were sure to take the Roman or 

 anti-national side. 



I must first, however, observe that Mr. Huxley has quoted the 

 text of Josephus inaccurately. As he has cited it, the revolted 

 Jews proceeded at Gadara and Hippos as they had done in the 

 cities of Syria that he had previously mentioned. But what Jo- 

 sephus says * is that they devastated (wholesale as it were) these 

 Syrian cities, and that then, proceeding against Gadara and Hip- 

 pos (which meant territories and not mere cities), they burned 

 some places, and reduced to submission (not the rest but) others ; 

 thus, pointing to those differences of local faction, class, or 

 race, in the different neighborhoods, which Mr. Huxley over- 

 looks. 



Sepphoris, the chief city of Galilee, and the strongest, exhibits 

 those anomalies of political position which belonged to a con- 

 quered, disturbed, and variously divided country. It was one of 

 the five great Hebrew centers, which Gabinius chose to be the 

 seats of Sanhedrims, f After the death of Herod, it was taken 

 and destroyed by the Romans, and the population reduced to 

 slavery. Subsequently it was repeopled. When Vespasian in- 

 vaded Palestine, it asked and obtained from him a Roman gar- 

 rison,J as it had also received Cestius Gallus with acclamations 

 not long before.* Yet, nearly at the same period, and probably 

 between these two occasions, when Josephus was engaged in pre- 

 paring Galilee for defense, by fortifying at the proper points, he 

 left Sepphoris to raise its own walls, || because while it was rich it 

 was also zealous for the war. Later on, Sepphoris was required 

 to give hostages to the Romans A at the very time when it was ex- 

 posed to the jealousy and hostility of the Jews. Thus the same 

 city, according to local fluctuations, was the partisan to-day of 

 one side, to-morrow of the other. A clear comprehension of this 

 shifting character in the local facts is vitally necessary for a 

 sound judgment on the case before us. 



Bell. Jud., ii, 18, 5. \ Ibid. || Ibid., ii., 20, 6. 



f Antiq. xiv, 5, 4; Bell. Jud., i, 8, 5. * Ibid., ii, 18, 11. A Vita, c. 8. 



