5 o8 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



Again, Gamala,* on the Sea of Tiberias, adhered at this time to 

 Rome ; a little later we find it one of the last and most obstinate 

 strongholds of Judaism against Vespasian, f Further, Gabara, as 

 I shall presently show, exhibited similar variations. 



In truth, as Milman \ says, " every city was torn to pieces by 

 little animosities; wherever the insurgents had time to breathe 

 from the assaults of the Romans, they turned their swords 

 against each other." It was in Jerusalem most of all that these 

 bloody factions raged ; they were exasperated by the arrival of 

 strangers ; the peace parties shed the blood of the warlike, and 

 the war parties of the peaceful.^ In truth, such had long been 

 the condition of that city, that Vespasian wisely postponed the 

 commencement of his operations for fear he should extinguish 

 the local feuds, which, as he saw, were wasting the strength of 

 the rebels, and should compel them to unite together. || 



It is, then, quite conceivable that when Josephus says the re- 

 volted Jews burned some places and subjugated or kept down 

 others in Gadaris, he means to speak of places where the peace 

 party, which might be Jewish or not Jewish, predominated ; and 

 when he says the Hippenes and the Gadarenes acted against the 

 Jews, he probably means that the Jews of the war party were put 

 down by antagonists averse to war, though of their own race, as 

 much as, and even possibly more than, by Gentile portions of the 

 population. This, I have said, is a conceivable opinion. But, in 

 order to justify what I have said of the argument of Prof. Huxley, 

 I must show that it is an opinion not only conceivable, but war- 

 ranted, and even required, by a consideration of the whole evidence 

 on the record. That is the best conclusion, which best meets all 

 the points of the case. The conclusion reached by Prof. Huxley 

 leaves Josephus in hopeless contradiction to himself. 



For I shall now proceed to show that Gadara or Gadaris, first, 

 was an important center of Jewish population, by which I mean 

 population subject to the Mosaic law ; secondly, was a recognized 

 seat of Jewish military strength ; and thirdly, according to Jose- 

 phus himself, acknowledged the law of Moses as its local public 

 law, and was bound to obey it. 



II. The Ordinance of Gabinius. Mr. Huxley places great re- 

 liance on the " classical " work of Dr. Schurer, A which treats of the 

 history of the Jewish people in the time of our Lord. And cer- 

 tainly a high tribute to it is due from him, as it seems to have 

 supplied nearly all his material for the history and character of 

 Gadara ; except, indeed, the exaggeration of the terms in which 



* Vita, c. 11. * Milman, Hist. Jews, ii, 315 seqq. 



+ Milman, Hist. Jews, ii, 280-4. || Ibid., ii, 305. 



\ Ibid., ii, 290. 

 A Geschichte des jiidiscben Volks im Zeitalter Jesu Christi, Leipzig, 1386-'90. 



