PROF. HUXLEY AND THE SWINE-MIRACLE. 513 



erly, called Hellenism, in the kingdoms after Alexander, the com- 

 mon use of Greek speech, a certain proportion of Greeks, both 

 as inhabitants and as officers, and a partial streak of Hellenic 

 culture. The flavor of Hellenism would be found rather at central 

 spots than in the country at large. At Gadara it might be sus- 

 tained by the bath, which probably made it a place of fashion- 

 able resort. But in this qualified or diluted sense, the name of 

 Grecian was applied both to the Syrian and the Egyptian powers,* 

 and the Rescript of Augustus respecting religion accordingly 

 describes Judsea as having suffered grievously from Greek cruelty. 

 Politically, Gadara with Hippos and Gaza f were given to Herod, 

 and after his death, on the division of his dominions, they were 

 re-annexed to Syria. But these were administrative changes, 

 without any effect, so far as appears, on the laws and religion of 

 the country. Very different was the change which ensued when, 

 from having been a Syrian city, J it was acquired by Alexander 

 Jannseus for Judsea. 4 * My opponent has overlooked the capital 

 fact, that what Judsea acquired or recovered by conquest was 

 thereupon placed under the Mosaic law. In Samaria, we may 

 safely assume that it was there already when Jannseus con- 

 quered it. When Iduinsea was subdued by his father Hyr- 

 canus, || that law was established, and the people were at once 

 circumcised. In the case now before us the statement, though 

 indirect, is equally conclusive. When Josephus enumerates A the 

 cities conquered by Jannseus, Pella closes the list. But Pella, he 

 adds, they destroyed, because the inhabitants would not submit 

 to the Mosaic law (to Trdrpia tSjv 'lovSaioiv ZOr)). It is plain therefore 

 that the other cities, of which Gadara was one, remained intact, 

 because they allowed the law of Moses to become the law of the 

 land. 



Alexander Jannseus died in b. c. 70. But there is not, so far 

 as I know, the smallest evidence that the law was altered here, 

 any more than in Galilee or Judsea, before the time of our Sav- 

 iour. Mr. Huxley indeed again and again assumes the contrary,^ 

 but without citing a single authority, or even taking notice of the 

 testimony from Josephus which I have here given ; and it is in 

 the light of this passage that we have to consider the establish- 

 ment of the Sanhedrim by Gibinius. He says, indeed (without 

 any reference), that the only laws of Gadara were the Gentile 

 laws sanctioned by the Roman suzerain. $ Now we know some- 



* Antiq., xvi, 6, 2. f Bell. Jud., ii, 5, 3. Antiq., xvii, 11,4. 



% Mr. Huxley says, " It is said to have been destroyed by captors." It is not so stated 

 by Josephus in his account of the conquest. But it seems to have undergone some reverse 

 before the time of Pompey (b. c. 65), by whose favor it was restored. 



* Antiq., xiii, 15, 4. || Milman, Ilist. Jews, ii, 28. Bell. Jud., xix, 9, 1. 



A Antiq., xiii, 15, 4. Q Nineteenth Century, pp. 977-8. % Ibid., p. 977. 



