RELATIONS OF RESEARCH TO INVENTION. 543 



processes ; to discover new compounds of value ; and, in short, to 

 use the most vigorous methods of science for the up-building of 

 industry. The German manufacturer does not employ a chemist 

 who has only learned by rote the wisdom gained by others ; he 

 does not ask to be told that which he already knows ; he seeks 

 rather to push forward into new fields ; to excel his competitors 

 more by intelligence than by brute force ; and to gain a growing 

 supremacy in preference to a mere victory for the moment. This 

 practical policy, the outgrowth of intellectual culture, has made 

 Germany a dangerous rival to all other countries in those depart- 

 ments of industry which rest upon scientific foundations. Applied 

 science can not exist until there is the science to apply ; and, where 

 the latter is most favored, the industrial development is sure to 

 be most perfect. This lesson is one which the United States must 

 learn more thoroughly than heretofore, if it hopes to hold its own 

 in the front rank of manufacturing nations. In a few of our uni- 

 versities the truth is already realized ; but in too many American 

 schools the so-called " practical " view prevails. Under the latter, 

 teaching becomes routine ; and the student, while learning elabo- 

 rately that which is known, is not taught how to discover. He 

 has little or no training in the art of solving unsolved problems ; 

 and that art is the mainspring of modern industrial growth. A 

 teacher of science ought also to be an investigator, were it only 

 for the inspiration that his example might give to the pupils in 

 his charge. To impart knowledge is a good thing, but to reveal 

 the sources of knowledge is better ; and in that revelation is 

 found the educational value of research regarded as a part of the 

 teacher's essential duty. 



The third agency for the advancement of investigation, the 

 organization of scientific societies, shades imperceptibly into the 

 other three. Private workers and university teachers here come 

 together for purposes of co-operation, and in many countries the 

 associations formed are aided by the state. As a rule, the great 

 European academies are directly or indirectly patronized by the 

 Government, and occasionally endowments are bequeathed to 

 them by private individuals for the foundation of prizes or med- 

 als, or for the assistance of research. In our own country the 

 societies and academies are sustained by private enterprise, but 

 some of them hold endowments of considerable value. Partly 

 through the latter, partly through the stimulus to effort given by 

 awards of honor, and more largely as publishers of results, they 

 do their greatest good, and render to science services of unmistak- 

 able value. A large proportion of the leading scientific journals 

 are published by organized societies, and without these discovery 

 would oftentimes be dumb. 



Of government aid, the fourth great means for furthering re- 



