136 



THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



than that of the five Laurentian lakes com- 

 bined. Prof. Uphara having studied the re- 

 mains of this lake as defined by its ancient 

 beaches in the United States, obtained au- 

 thority from the Canadian survey to carry 

 on his investigations in the British territory, 

 and his paper of one hundred and fifty-six 

 pages furnishes the evidence that he did so 

 very carefully. The paper is illustrated 

 by a map of the country of Lake Agnssiz, 

 showing its position and probable extent 

 and its relation to the Upper Laurentian 

 lakes, and by a map of its beaches and deltas 

 in southern Manitoba. Many artesian wells 

 have been obtained in the plain which occu- 

 pies the site of the valley of the ancient 

 lake, and the description of these furnishes 

 the substance of a paper on Artesian Wells 

 in North and South Dakota. Prof. Upham 

 is not confident that the wells can be made 

 efficient in these regions for irrigation. A 

 well flowing one hundred gallons a minute 

 would be needed to irrigate a quarter section, 

 or one hundred and sixty acres of land the 

 usual area of a homestead. Such a well would 

 cost seven thousand dollars, and to this the 

 outlay for reservoirs and conduits would have 

 to be added. A Discussion of the Climatic 

 Conditions of the Glacial Period was partici- 

 pated in, in the Boston Society of Natural 

 History, by Frank Leverett, Prof. Shaler, 

 and Prof. W. 0. Crosby, with Prof. Upham. 

 Prof. Upham thought the conditions most 

 favorable to the formation of the ice-sheets 

 were long-continued rather than excessive 

 cold, with an abundant supply of moisture 

 by storms, and cooler summers than now. 

 In a fifth paper the Fiords and Great Lake 

 Basins of North America are considered as 

 evidence of pre-glacial continental elevation 

 and of depression during the Glacial period. 



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