640 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



regularly governed, there goes a further development of State- 

 education. Not only are there now deliberately cultivated the 

 needful strength, skill, and endurance, but there is cultivated 

 that subordination which is required for the performance of mili- 

 tary evolutions, and that further subordination to leaders and to 

 rulers without which the combined forces can not be used in the 

 desired ways. It is needless to do more than name Greece, and 

 especially Sparta, as exemplifying this phase. 



With this practice went an appropriate theory. From the 

 belief that the individual belonged neither to himself nor to his 

 family but to his city, there naturally grew up the doctrine that 

 it was the business of his city to mold him into fitness for its pur- 

 poses. Alike in Plato and in Aristotle we have elaborate methods 

 proposed for the due preparation of children and youths for citi- 

 zenship, and an unhesitating assumption that in a good State, 

 education must be a public business. 



Evidently, then, while war is the chief business of life, the 

 training of individuals by governmental agency after a pattern 

 adapted to successful fighting, is a normal accompaniment. In 

 this case experience furnishes a tolerably correct ideal to be aimed 

 at, and guidance in the choice of methods productive of the ideal. 

 All free men have to be made as much as may be into military 

 machines, automatically obedient to orders ; and a unifying dis- 

 cipline is required to form them. Moreover, just as in the mili- 

 tant type the coercive system of rule which regimentation in- 

 volves, spreads from the fighting part throughout the whole of 

 the ancillary parts which support it; so, there naturally estab- 

 lishes itself the theory that not soldiers only, but all other mem- 

 bers of the community, should be molded by the government into 

 fitness for their* functions. 



Not recognizing the fundamental distinction between a society 

 which, having fighting for its chief business, makes sustentation 

 subordinate, and a society which, having sustentation for its chief 

 business, makes fighting subordinate, there are many who assume 

 that a disciplinary policy appropriate to the first is appropriate to 

 the last also. But the relations of the individual to the State are 

 in the two cases entirely different. Unlike the Greek, who, not 

 owning himself was owned by his city, the Englishman is not in 

 any appreciable degree owned by his nation, but in a very posi- 

 tive way owns himself. Though, if of fit age, he may on great 

 emergency be taken possession of and made to help in defending 

 his country ; yet this contingency qualifies to but small extent the 

 I>rivate possession of his body and the self-directing of his actions. 



Throughout a series of chapters we saw that the progressive 

 establishment by law of those rights which are deduced by ethics, 

 made good the free use of himself by each individual, not only 



