LITERARY NOTICES. 



269 



scious effort to adapt social institutions to 

 his own needs and desires." Considerable 

 historical matter is cited in support of these 

 views. In Part II, on production, Mr. Gun- 

 ton criticises various definitions of wealth 

 previously given, and thus defines it him- 

 self : " Everything may be regarded as 

 wealth, the utility of which is actualized by 

 human effort." Other topics discussed in 

 this section of the book are the nature of 

 value, relation of demand and supply, prices, 

 cost of production, and the function of 

 money. The author advocates the issuing 

 of money by private enterprise, under gov- 

 ernment supervision. In the part on eco- 

 nomic distribution he discusses various theo- 

 ries in regard to wages, rent, interest, profit, 

 etc. Mr. Gunton regards the laissez-faire 

 doctrine as unscientific, claiming that it is 

 not likely to secure the survival of the most 

 fit. In regard to international trade he af- 

 firms that protection should offset difference 

 in wages, but should do no more ; he argues 

 the superiority of a home market over a for- 

 eign, and maintains that " no competition 

 can promote industrial well - being which 

 does not tend to make wealth cheap." The 

 sub-title of the book " with criticisms on 

 current theories " is amply justified, for 

 nearly every prominent economist is criti- 

 cised, from Adam Smith to Blaine. 



The Missouri Botanical Garden. First An- 

 nual Report, 1890. St. Louis. Pp. 165. 



This volume embodies a record of the 

 founding of the Missouri Botanical Garden 

 and of the Henry Shaw School of Botany. 

 It contains a biographical sketch of Henry 

 Shaw, from which it appears that the idea 

 of laying out a garden first came to him dur- 

 ing a visit to England, his native country, in 

 1851. Preparation of the ground for the 

 garden was begun in 1857. In the same 

 year the assistance of the late Dr. Engel- 

 mann, then in Europe, was secured to gather 

 suggestions from foreign botanical gardens, 

 and at about the same time a correspondence 

 was begun with Sir William J. Hooker, whose 

 advice largely influenced the shaping of the 

 institution. Mr. Shaw had retired from busi- 

 ness, and during the rest of his life over 

 thirty years the development and super- 

 vision of this garden was his sole care. An 

 outgrowth of the garden was Tower Grove 



Park, containing two hundred and seventy- 

 six acres, in which more than twenty thou- 

 sand trees have been planted, all raised in 

 the arboretum of the garden. This volume 

 contains also Henry Shaw's will conveying 

 the garden to a board of trustees, and pro- 

 viding for its maintenance, and also devising 

 property to Washington University for the 

 establishment of a School of Botany. The 

 will is followed by the inaugural exercises 

 of this school, held on November 6, 1885, a 

 report on the school, made in June, 1S90, and 

 the first annual report of the Director of the 

 Botanical Garden, covering the year 1889. 

 The inaugural exercises include an address by 

 William Trelease, Engelmann Professor in the 

 school. There is also the first of a series of 

 annual " flower sermons," and the proceed- 

 ings at the first annual banquet of the trus- 

 tees of the garden and their guests, funds 

 for both of which commemorations were pro- 

 vided by the will. The volume is illustrated 

 with many full-page views of buildings and 

 spots in the garden and park, maps of the 

 grounds, and a portrait of Mr. Shaw. 



Building-Stone in New York. By John C. 

 Smock. Bulletin of the New York State 

 Museum. Vol. II, No. 10. Albany: Uni- 

 versity of the State of New York. Pp. 

 203. 



A large amount of information is con- 

 tained in this report, embracing the geo- 

 logical position and the composition of the 

 building-stones found in the State of New 

 York, the localities where they are quarried, 

 the extent and nature of their use, their du- 

 rability, etc. The descriptive notes in regard 

 to quarries are arranged under the two gen- 

 eral heads crystalline rocks and fragmental 

 rocks ; the former including granites, lime- 

 stones, and marbles, and the latter compris- 

 ing slate and a variety of sandstones. Un- 

 der each kind of rock, each locality where it 

 is quarried receives a paragraph. There is 

 an important chapter on the use of stone in 

 cities, in which is stated the general pur- 

 poses for which the several kinds of stone 

 are used in each of the cities of the State, 

 names of structures built of each kind be- 

 ing given. Many of the stones here men- 

 tioned come from without the State. A 

 report on physical and chemical tests of 

 representative building-stones of New Y'ork, 

 by Prot. Francis A. Wilber, is inserted, and 



