THE BOGS OF ANCIENT EGYPT. 809 



says Sir G. Bowring,* " on the death of a king his eldest brother 

 succeeds ; when he has no brothers, his eldest son ; should he have 

 several brothers, they succeed one another according to seniority." 

 The levirate is optional in Siam. In Fiji brother succeeds broth- 

 er, and then the succession reverts to the eldest son of the eldest 

 brother.f It is worthy of note that all brothers are in Fiji called 

 fathers by their nephews, just as is the case in the less rude poly- 

 andry, and that no word exists to express uncle. 



Enough, however, has now been said to show how very wide- 

 spread polyandry has been ; traces of it are, in fact, found so uni- 

 versally that we are justified in regarding it as a normal phase of 

 human progress. It can only be explained on the grounds of a 

 scarcity of women, and that scarcity must have been felt almost 

 universally. Hence we may conclude that we were right in our 

 view that the early groups contained fewer women than men, and 

 that this was the cause of marriage by capture. A number of 

 customs which are probable survivals from polyandry lend us 

 additional support ; these we may perhaps be able to discuss on 

 some future occasion. 



-*- 



THE DOGS OF ANCIENT EGYPT. 



By M. G. MASPERO, 



OF THE INSTITUTE OF FRANCE. 



THE Egyptians domesticated the dog from the most remote 

 antiquity. The names which they gave it ouliorou, oua- 

 ouou and tosmou belong to the fundamental dialect of their 

 language ; and one at least of them is a characteristic onomato- 

 poeia, such as our children instinctively use in their earliest age 

 for the designation of the animal. It is hard now to determine 

 what was the most ancient species they tamed ; the most ancient 

 monuments show us dogs of every size and every color, and the 

 cemeteries have given us greyhounds, terriers, and twenty varie- 

 ties more or less closely related to the jackal or to the modern fel- 

 lah's dog. At the opening of Egyptian history, more than four 

 thousand years before the Christian era, we might have met in the 

 towns and in the country the same mixture of types and confusion 

 of forms and colors that we observe now. The dog was in Egypt, 

 as he is with us, a friend and a faithful servant at the same time. 

 He lived in the house with his master, followed him in his walks, 

 attended the public ceremonies with him, sometimes free, at oth- 

 ers held in leash by a slave or child, or in princely families by a 

 favorite dwarf. At meals he had his place marked under the 



* Kingdom and People of Siam, vol. i, p. 96. f At Home in Fiji, vol. i, p. 281. 



vol. xxxix. 59 



