THE QUIANGANES OF LUZON. 39 i 



They believe that the souls of those who die a natural death 

 go to a land called Kadungayan, or the northern region, where 

 they dwell, all gathered in a wood in their special trees, which 

 appear as trees in the daytime, but are changed at night into 

 huts like those of the Quianganes; and that these souls have 

 plantations of sweet potatoes and other food-plants, and live 

 on the invisible substance (or souls) of the animals, rice, and 

 other provisions which their friends left behind offer up for 

 them. Those who have committed robbery and murder on earth 

 without justification receive suitable punishment in Kadungayan. 

 If a murderer dies a natural death, his soul is pierced in that 

 shadow-land by a resident spirit. 



The Quianganes believe that the souls of the departed some- 

 times return from Kadungayan to the members of their families. 

 Bearing upon this is the following story : There once thus came 

 a spirit with his wife to his people, who fed the pair with the 

 finest rice-meal. When this became too expensive to the rela- 

 tives, they seated the couple in a canoe and turned it toward the 

 mountains of the Mayoyaos, where the spirits landed. The man 

 sat down upon a stone under the shadow of a tree. A bird in the 

 tree dropped some excrement on the head of the spirit, who did 

 not move. There grew from this a great tree which gradually 

 inclosed within itself the whole of the sitting Quiangane. This 

 tree is called balise (it is identical with the banyan) ; and the 

 Quianganes still make their breech-cloths from its bark. The 

 souls of men who die a violent or sudden death, and the souls of 

 women who die in childbirth, go to the heaven of the gods. By 

 this are meant the stars, particularly the sun. 



The feasts of the dead are of two kinds, according as the de- 

 ceased has died a natural or a violent death. In the former case 

 the survivors spend all their means, and even go in debt, to pro- 

 cure a sufficient number of swine and buffaloes for the spirit, who 

 will have to subsist in Kadungayan on the " substances " of the 

 offered beasts. The unburied corpse remains, in a sitting posi- 

 tion, underneath the house, for at least three days, while the ex- 

 hibition is sometimes extended to fifteen days, and even more. 

 The more wealthy and prominent the dead man had been, the 

 longer the feasting and exhibition. But if the man has been 

 killed or has fallen a victim to the head-hunter, only one pig is 

 slaughtered, and it is eaten by the old men of the village. For 

 they say, " Wherefore slaughter beasts, when the dwellers in the 

 sky have no use for them ? " Opposed to this is the precept that 

 the substances of the animals which are consumed at the victory- 

 feast of a returned head-hunter will come to the benefit of the 

 souls of those whose heads he has cut off. 



The Quianganes say that the souls of the dead do not go at 



