RESPONSIBILITY IN CRIME. 



157 



the eye, the ear, etc., all of which in neurology are called end 

 organs ; and thus a passage is afforded for impressions made upon 

 these end organs by the environment to reach the cells in the cor- 

 tex, and for impulses to return from the cells in the cortex to the 

 end organs, perhaps producing, restraining, or regulating move- 

 ments in them. 



Now a few words as to methods of investigation. Figs. 6 and 

 7 are charts showing the areas in the brain presiding over certain 

 functions as thereon indicated. Take, for instance, the leg center. 

 A case is found with sudden, complete, and permanent paralysis 

 of the leg ; after a few months the person dies, and upon examina- 

 tion of the brain and spinal cord it is observed that a haemorrhage 

 has destroyed the cells in the part of the brain here indicated. 

 Now, as might be expected when the body of a cell is destroyed, 

 its processes perish ; hence, when consecutive sections are made 

 across a strand composed of these cell processes, the bodies of 

 which have been destroyed, and the sections are placed in a solu- 

 tion of coloring matter, it is found that the fibers which have 

 perished take a different color from those which have not, and 

 thus their position may be determined. In this case, by this 

 method, a large strand of fibers which have perished may be 



Fig. 3. 



traced from the brain downward very near to the lower extremity 

 of the spinal cord. This is known as the clinical method of study. 

 These centers have also been removed in the course of surgical 

 procedures, with the invariable result of producing a correspond- 

 ing paralysis ; and similarly they have been stimulated by elec- 

 trical currents directly applied to them, and movements produced 

 in the corresponding parts. This latter method is known as the 

 excitation method ; to this, as practiced upon the brains of mon- 

 keys some thirty years ago, we are indebted for the commence- 



