i64 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



quantity and quality of this change that the alienist determines 

 the existence of insanity. Any specific act by itself does not ne- 

 cessarily afeord evidence of insanity, for there is nothing an insane 

 person can do that a sane person may not do. 



The experienced alienist by thorough investigation determines 

 as far as possible what has been the previous environment of a 

 person alleged to be insane, and how he habitually reacted to it, 

 and then makes a comparison between that and the manifesta- 

 tions which have been regarded as constituting evidence of insan- 

 ity. When it is proved to the satisfaction of society that a given 

 act was clearly the result of disease of the brain producing insan- 

 ity, the individual is usually excused ; but until the public becomes 

 more generally informed regarding the bodily basis of mental 

 manifestation, and comes to understand more clearly how and 

 where to look for evidence of insanity, many will be held to be 

 responsible who, according to the intention of the criminal laws, 

 are not so ; and some will be excused who are fairly responsible. 



It is for physicians to determine the part played by bodily 

 defect or disease in the commission of crime. Society in general 

 must, with this information, determine the degree of responsibil- 

 ity and decide upon the punishment. 



THE NEED OF EDUCATED MEN.* 



Bv DAVID STARK JOEDAN, 



PRESIDENT OF LELAND STANFORD JUNIOR UNIVERSITY. 



IF the experiment of government by the people is to be success- 

 ful, it is its educated men and women who must make it so. 

 The future of the republic must lie in the hands of the men and 

 women of culture and intelligence, of self-control and of self-re- 

 source, capable of taking care of themselves and of helping others. 

 If it falls not into such hands, the republic will have no future. 

 Wisdom and strength must go to the making of a nation. There 

 is no virtue in democracy as such, notlung in Americanism as 

 such, that will save us, if we are a nation of weaklings and fools, 

 with an aristocracy of knaves as our masters. There are some 

 who think that this is the condition of America to-day. There 

 are some who think that this republic, which has weathered so 

 nobly the storms of war and of peace, will go down on the shoals 

 of hard times ; that we as a nation can not live through the head- 

 ache induced by the financial sprees of ourselves and others. We 

 are told that our civilization and our government are fit only for 



* An Address to the Graduating Class in Leland Stanford Junior University. 



