BABIES AND MONKEYS. 373 



forced by a four-footed mode of progression. The attainment of 

 the upright body-position of man tends during the course of his 

 life to reduce prognathism an adult is far less prognathous than 

 when a baby ; and it has tended during phyletic development to 

 the same end the European, the more developed form, is less 

 prognathous than the negro. Reduction of prognathism leads to 

 a better carriage of the head, because the weight is borne nearer 

 the perpendicular, which is economy. Economy, it may be re- 

 marked, is most important to the man whose expenditure and 

 income are too nearly on a par; and this dictum of necessity 

 applies to civilized man, whose income in the shape of physical 

 and nervous energy is much less, and his expenditure far greater, 

 than that of the savage. But there are other factors at work : the 

 civilized man requires the enlargement of the frontal capacity of 

 his skull, and material saved in jaw-making can be utilized in 

 skull-enlargement. Then there is the lessened use of teeth and 

 jaws in mastication, and therefore a smaller demand upon those 

 organs : these and other causes all work to the same end a re- 

 duction of prognathism. If any one will draw to the same size 

 the facial profile of a cat, a monkey, a baby, and an adult man, 

 he will have represented four stages in the reduction of progna- 

 thism, and he will begin to understand to what the prognathous 

 baby points. He will learn that in a designed biped the heavy 

 jaw is a piece of faulty construction reflecting no credit on an 

 artificer, whereas it is a necessary accompaniment of a biped de- 

 veloped from a quadrumanous or quadrupedal animal, imperfect- 

 ly, incompletely, and gradually adapting himself to the bipedal 

 position. 



Attention may be called to another feature pointing out the 

 same lesson of alteration and imperfect adaptation. Below the 

 nose runs a furrow parting the ui)per lip. In the faces of babies 

 and children this furrow is very noticeable : from the evolution- 

 ist's point of view. it is one of the most remarkable characters of 

 the face. It tends to become obsolete in old age, and it is not 

 seen among the catarrhine monkeys. Among the platyrrhines it 

 is but feebly developed ; but in lemurs it is in a more pronounced 

 state there is a depressed septum to which the two side pieces 

 are joined the upper lip, in fact, is nearly split in two, but held 

 together by a depressed piece of flesh. In the Marsupialia and 

 Rodentia the lip is practically in two pieces, and each piece is 

 capable of being moved separately. This is the " harelip " ; and 

 its method of use may well be noticed in a hare or a rabbit when 

 eating. The furrow, therefore, in a child's lip points to this : that 

 our ancestors possessed, not a single upper lip, as we do now, but 

 two upper lips, one beneath each nostril, both capable of inde- 

 pendent movement. In course of time these two lips have, owing 



