528 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



her exact capacity. The Malay, although much higher in intelli- 

 gence, has a still less cranial capacity, being only from fifty-seven 

 to sixty-two, thus showing at the largest but one cubic inch in 

 excess of that of the Bushwoman, and at the lowest, four cubic 

 inches below hers. The Hottentots, but a shade if any higher in 

 intelligence, have the large comparative average of seventy-five, or 

 fourteen cubic inches more than the Bushwoman ; while the Hin- 

 du, with all his arts and sciences, his literature, castes, complex 

 government, and great book religions dating back to the very 

 dawn of the historic period, has a less cranial capacity than the 

 Malay, the negro, or the Hottentot, and it has been found in 

 some normal instances as low as forty-six cubic inches. Is it not 

 clear, then, that cranial capacity alone is not an infallible index of 

 mental capacity or intelligence ? 



But Mr. Marshall found other and more important conditions 

 in which the Bushwoman was exceedingly low down, notwith- 

 standing her comparatively ample cranial capacity. 



Let us quote his own words : " The convolutions are remark- 

 ably simple. The extreme curved convolution forming the outer 

 border of the frontal lobe consists of three short, simple, curved 

 branches, very like those found in the ape, instead of the tortu- 

 ous sulci seen in the European brain. The forms of the sur- 

 rounding orbital convolutions themselves, including the supra- 

 orbital, are so broad and simple that the subordinate divisions 

 which are so complex in the European brain can hardly be said 

 to exist. All four of the primary convolutions are present, but 

 all are characteristically short, narrow, and simple, instead of 

 being complex and occupying a large space, but the arrangement 

 is normal. They are evidences of structural inferiority, and 

 show an infantile or even foetal leaning." Having regard to the 

 sum of its convolutional characters, judged by their presence or 

 absence, their individual and relative size and position, their com- 

 parative simplicity or complexity, and the symmetry or asym- 

 metry of particular fissures and convolutions, there is after all, 

 Mr. Marshall concludes, a greater difference between the Bush- 

 woman's brain and that of the highest apes yet described than 

 between it and the European brain, but not so great a difference 

 as exists between the brain of the orang and that of the chim- 

 panzee, or between the brains of many other species of quadru- 

 mana. 



Here we have two very interesting and important facts dis- 

 closed, which have been substantiated by many other similar 

 investigations, of which this recital is but an example. First, 

 that cranfal capacity is not the main factor in determining intel- 

 lectual and emotional development, but that increased brain sur- 

 face, or the extent, number, variety, and depth of convolutions by 



