BRAIN DEVELOPMENT AND EVOLUTION 533 



on shall more fully see, lias a brain whicli is insufB.cient for his 

 mode of life, and it is therefore constantly overtaxed by the 

 amount of mental and emotional activity required of it. This, 

 too, is the one antecedent condition and primal cause underlying, 

 lifting, and advancing not only his but all human brain develop- 

 ment, and probably all brain development. 



Here we must leave for a time the savage and consider the 

 present condition of the routine laborer. 



He, on the other hand, has more cranial capacity, and couvo- 

 lutioual development than he needs or knows what to do with. 

 Two great changes have recently come over the whole civilized 

 world, and among many other far-reaching effects these two 

 changes have left him in this unfortunate condition. In the first 

 place, machinery has taken the place of implements, and the latent 

 energy of lifeless matter has been transformed into kinetic force 

 and has taken the place of muscular power. The greater and con- 

 stantly increasing part of his food is sown by machinery, culti- 

 vated by machinery, harvested, thrashed, transported, ground, 

 cooked, and brought to his door by machinery. He is clothed, 

 sheltered, and shod by machinery. His house, except the putting 

 of it together, is made by machinery. The water of a distant 

 lake or stream is brought through pipes to his very lips by ma- 

 chinery. His furniture, utensils, and tools are all made by ma- 

 chinery. His distant communications are conveyed by machin- 

 ery. . He himself is transported about from place to place by 

 machinery. His cradle and his coffin are made by machinery, 

 and from the time he leaves the one till he enters the other he 

 is lucky if he finds any more soul-stirring or intellectual employ- 

 ment than feeding, watering, shining up, waiting upon, and serv- 

 ing a machine. 



The second great change is of a social character, but it has 

 been greatly hastened and extended as a result of the first. At 

 any rate, the two, each supplementing the other, have left his 

 inherited cerebral outfit almost wholly unemployed, as compared 

 with its busy activity at a time not very remote, even in the age 

 of our grandfathers, when, like the savage, the worker cared for 

 himself and his family and did nearly everything for himself, in- 

 stead of doing possibly, as at present, some one thing for himself, 

 and having all else done for him. 



His children now receive a rudimentary education in public 

 institutions, their moral and religious instruction is received in 

 the free Sunday school ; hospitals, dispensaries, and doctors take 

 care of him when ill, and charitable societies take charge of him 

 when he comes to want ; savings banks receive his money and 

 manage his investments ; insurance companies relieve him from 

 the calamities of fire and flood, accidents, illness, and death ; public 



