148 



HARD WICKE ' S S CIENCE- G SSI P. 



but fairly distinct, and there are black spots scattered 

 here and there. Mr. A. E. Cook has sent me this 

 from Bath. 



Var. submaculata, Boettger : animal brownish or 

 yellowish-brown, mantle unicolor ; body mottled with 

 a darker colour ; keel well marked and colour of 

 ground colour. Grecian. 



Var. carbonaria, Boettger : animal very black above, 

 unicolor ; sides a little lighter, sole brownish ; foot- 

 hinge blackish, keel short, extending to one-fourth 

 of back, black ; mantle rounded behind. Grecian. 



( To be continued.) 



CHAPTERS ON ANIMAL PARASITES. 



By W. A. Hyslop. 



No. III. 



HAVING now noticed the various kinds of 

 animal parasites, we will, as before men- 

 tioned, consider more particularly the Anoplura, or 

 lice. I may say in passing that M. Piaget, in his 

 large book "Les Pediculines" (which, along with the 

 Appendix just published, is the standard work on the 

 subject), objects to the term Anoplura, and suggests 

 " Pediculines ; " but this term, it seems to me, is apt 

 to be confounded with the word Pediculus, one of 

 the subdivisions of the Anoplura. The following 

 classification, based upon that of M. Piaget, shows at 

 a glance the various sub-genera ; and I propose taking 

 each up singly, and, by the aid of illustrations, 

 showing as shortly as possible the differences between 

 them, so as to aid in the classification and arrange- 

 ment of any specimens which the readers of Science- 

 Gossip may have : — 



Classification. 



-Haustellata-Pedici_lidae 



-Phthirius 



Pediculus 



Pedicinus 



Haematopinus 



Echinophthirius 

 -Haematomyzus 



-Mallophaga 



or 

 Mandibulata 



-Phi'opteridae 

 (antennae fili- 

 form) 



-Philopterus 

 (antennae five- 

 jointed) 



-Trichodectes 

 (antennae three- 

 jointed) 



-Liotheidae 

 (antennae 

 clavate) 



-Lithioeum 



-Gyropus 



-Docophorus 

 Nirmus 

 Akidoproctus 

 Onacophorus 

 Goniodes 

 Goniocotes 

 Lipeurus 

 Ornithobius 



-Colpocephalum 

 Menopon 

 Nitzschia 

 Laemobothrium 

 Trinoton 

 Physostomum 

 -Eureum 



rum Britanniss " published in 1842, and Murray's 

 " Aptera," which treats of Ixodes and Acari as well as 

 Anoplura. 



The Anoplura do not pass through any proper 

 metamorphosis, the young being similar to the adult 

 except in size, and that the legs are thicker ; and the 

 young parasite is altogether more clumsy than the 

 adult, and of a white colour. The eggs are fixed by a 

 glutinous secretion to the barrel of the feathers, or to 

 the hairs of their hosts, and form very beautiful 

 microscopic objects. (See Science-Gossip for 1870, 

 page 132.) 



As will be seen on referring to the classification, 

 there are two great subdivisions, the Haustellata and 

 the Mandibulata, which are easily distinguished, the 

 former being armed with a sucking mouth and the 

 latter with mandibles. The Haustellata are entirely 

 confined to Mammalia, the Mandibulata, with the 

 exception of two sub-genera, to birds. 



Fig. 94. — Pediculus of 

 Monkey, cf- X 60. 



Fig. 9,5- — Haematopinus of 

 Horse. X 20. 



In addition to M. Piaget's book, which is in 

 French, we have in English Denny's " Anopluro- 



The Haustellata consists of only one family, the 

 Pediculidae, which is divided into six genera : — 



1. Phthirius is found on man only, viz., as the 

 crab-louse. The body is square and crab-like, and 

 the legs of two kinds, the anterior being ambulatory 

 and the posterior scansorial. 



2. Pediculus infests man and also the monkey. 

 The species found on the monkey (see Fig. 94), though 

 this is not the common monkey parasite, is very like 

 that found on man, only darker in the colour. The 

 antennoe are five-jointed. 



3. Pedicinus. — This genus is entirely confined to 

 monkeys, and some of the species are very like the 

 Pediculi, but are readily distinguished by the antennce 

 having only three joints. 



4. Hcematopinus. — This genus also resembles the 

 rediculi, and most Mammalia have a species peculiar 

 to themselves ; and, curious to say, the cow and calf 

 are infested by distinct varieties. Fig. 95 (being the 

 species found on the horse) is a typical example. 

 The legs are scansorial and very thick, the antennae 



