HOW SOUND AND WORDS ARE PRODUCED. 43 



more general and extensive than they have become in later industrial 

 times. It is observable, too, how, even now, that representative of the 

 primitive oblation which we still have in the bread and wine of the 

 mass and the sacrament (offered to God before being consumed by com- 

 municants) recurs less frequently here than in Catholic societies, which 

 are relatively more militant in type of organization ; while the offering 

 of incense, which is one of the primitive forms of sacrifice among vari- 

 ous peoples, and survives in the Catholic service, has disappeared from 

 the authorized service in England. Nor in our own society do we fail 

 to trace a kindred contrast ; for, while within the Established Church, 

 which forms part of that regulative structure developed by militancy, 

 sacrificial observances still continue, they have ceased among those 

 most unecclesiastical of dissenters, the Quakers ; who, absolutely unmili- 

 tant, show us also by the absence of an established priesthood, and by 

 the democratic form of their government, the type of organization most 

 remote from militancy and most characteristic of industrialism. 



The like holds even with the custom of present-giving for purposes 

 of social propitiation. We see this on comparing European nations, 

 which, otherwise much upon a par in their stages of progress, differ in 

 the degrees to which industrialism has qualified militancy. In Ger- 

 many, where periodic making of gifts among relatives and friends is a 

 universal obligation, and in France, where the burden similarly entailed 

 is so onerous that at Christmas and Easter people not unfrequently 

 leave home to escape it, this social Usage survives in greater strength 

 than in England, less militant in organization. 



Of this kind of ceremony, then, as of the kinds already dealt with, 

 we may say that, taking shape with the establishment of that political 

 headship which militancy produces, it develops with the development 

 of the militant type of social structure, and declines with the develop- 

 ment of the industrial type. 



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HOW SOUND AND WOEDS AEE PEODUCED. 



By GEORGE M. SHAW. 



npHE recent appearance of those remarkable devices the telephone 

 -*- and the phonograph has given such a new interest to the gen- 

 eral subject of voice, music, and sound, and the conditions and mechan- 

 isms by which they are produced, that a familiar explanation of some 

 of the points involved may be useful at the present time. 



Prof. Tyndall, in his work " On Sound," speaking of a tremendous 

 powder-explosion which occurred at Erith, England, in 1864, shattering 

 the windows on every side, though the village was some miles from the 

 magazine, says : " Lead sashes were employed in Erith church, and 



