2 9 2 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



I am convinced that careful investigation will demonstrate that the 

 preservation of the " duff " is another and a very important reason why 

 the destruction of the forests around the head-waters of the Hudson 

 should be discontinued. 



EVOLUTION OF CEREMONIAL GOVERNMENT. 



By HERBERT SPENCEE. 

 VI. FORMS OF ADDRESS. 



WHAT the obeisance implies by acts, the form of address says in 

 words. If the two have a common root, this is to be antici- 

 pated ; and that they have a common root is demonstrable. Instances 

 occur in which the two are used indifferently, as being the one equiva- 

 lent to the other. Speaking of Poles and Slavonic Silesians, Captain 

 Spencer remarks: 



"Perhaps no distinctive trait of manners more characterizes both than their 

 humiliating mode of acknowledging a kindness, their expression of gratitude 

 being the servile " Upadam do nog " (I fall at your feet), which is no figure of 

 speech, for they will literally throw themselves down and kiss your feet for the 

 trilling donation of a few halfpence." 



Here, then, the attitude of the conquered man beneath the conqueror 

 is either actually assumed or verbally assumed ; and, when used, the 

 oral representation is a substitute for the realization in act. Other 

 cases show us words and deeds similarly associated: as when a Turkish 

 courtier, accustomed to make humble obeisances, addresses the sultan, 

 " Centre of the Universe ! Your slave's head is at your feet ; " or as 

 when a Siamese, whose servile prostrations occur daily, says to his 

 superior, "Lord Benefactor, at whose feet I am;" to a prince, "I the 

 sole of your foot ; " to the king, "la dust-grain at your sacred feet." 

 Still better when a Siamese attendant on the king says, " High and 

 excellent lord of me thy slave, I ask to take the royal commands, and 

 to place them on my brain, on the top of my head," we have verbally 

 indicated that absolutely-subject attitude in which the head is under 

 the victor's foot. 



Nor are there wanting instances from nearer countries showing this 

 substitution of professed for performed obeisances. In Russia, even 

 in these days of moderated despotism, a petition begins with the words, 

 " So-and-so strikes his forehead " (on the ground) ; and petitioners are 

 called " forehead-strikers." At the court of France, as late as 1577, it 

 was the custom of some to say, " I kiss your grace's hands," and of 

 others to say, " I kiss your lordship's feet." Even at the present time 

 in Spain, where Orientalisms descending from the past still linger, we 

 read: "When you get up to take leave, if of a lady, you should say, 



