EVOLUTION OF CEREMONIAL GOVERNMENT. 297 



and the ruler who has become invisible are substantially the same. 

 Having reached the extreme of hyperbole to the king when living, they 

 cannot go further to the king when dead and deified. And the sub- 

 stantial identity thus initiated continues through subsequent stages 

 with deities whose origins are no longer traceable. 



Into the complete obeisance we saw that there enter two elements, 

 one implying submission and the other implying liking ; and into the 

 complete form of address there enter two analogous elements. With 

 words which seek to propitiate by abasing self or elevating the person 

 addressed, or both, are joined words suggestive of attachment to the 

 person addressed wishes for his life, health, and happiness. 



Professions of interest in another's well-being and good fortune are, 

 indeed, of earlier origin than professions of subjection. Just as those 

 huggings and kissings and pattings which indicate liking are used as 

 complimentary observances by ungoverned or little-governed savages, 

 who have no obeisances that signify submission, so friendly speeches 

 precede speeches alleging subordination. Among the Snake Indians 

 of North America, a stranger is accosted with the words, " I am much 

 pleased, I am much rejoiced ; " and in South America, among the Arau- 

 canians, whose social organization, though more advanced, has not yet 

 been developed by militancy into the coercive type, the formality on 

 meeting, which " occupies ten or fifteen minutes," consists of detailed 

 inquiries about the welfare of each and his belongings, joined with 

 elaborate felicitations and condolences. 



Of course this element of the salutation persists while there grow 

 up the acts and phrases expressing subjection. Along with servile 

 obeisances we saw that good wishes and congratulations are ad- 

 dressed to a superior among negro nations, alike of the coast and the 

 interior ; and among the Fulahs and the Abyssinians inquiries con- 

 cerning personal welfare and the welfare of belongings are elaborate. 

 It is in Asia, however, where militant types of society are more 

 highly .developed, that the highest developments of these speeches 

 occur. Beginning with such hyperbolic utterances as " O king, live 

 forever ! " we descend to addresses between equals which, in like 

 exaggerated ways, signify great sympathy; as among the ( Arabs, 

 who indicate their anxiety by rapidly repeating, " Thank God, how 

 are you ? " for some minutes, and who, when well-bred, occasionally 

 interrupt the subsequent conversation by again asking, " How are 

 you ? " or as among the Chinese, who thus directly assert their affec- 

 tion, on an ordinary visiting billet presented to the porter when 

 making a call, "The tender and sincere friend of your lordship, and 

 the perpetual disciple of your doctrine, presents himself to pay his 

 duty and make his reverence even to the earth." Among Western 

 peoples, in whose social organizations personal power has never 

 reached so great a height, professions of liking and solicitude have 



