3 o2 THE POPULAR SCIENCE MONTHLY. 



tary organization implies, and which characterizes the whole of a society 

 framed for military action, there naturally go forms of address not ex- 

 pressing submission, and if, conversely, he should say that along with 

 the active exchanging of produce, money, services, etc., freely carried 

 on, which characterizes the life of an industrial society, there naturally 

 go exaggerated eulogies of others and servile depreciations of self, his 

 proposition would be manifestly absurd ; and the absurdity of this hy- 

 pothetical proposition serves to bring into view the truth of the actual 

 proposition opposed to it. 



EDUCATION AS A SCIENCE. 1 



By ALEXANDER BAIN, LL.D., 



PROFESSOR IN THE UNIVERSITY OF ABERDEEN. 



IV. 



IN education there has to be encountered at every turn the play of 

 motives. Now, the theory of motives is the theory of sensation, 

 emotion, and will ; in other words, it is the psychology of the sensitive 

 and the active powers. 



1. The Senses. The pleasures, the pains, and the privations of the 

 senses, are the earliest and the most unfailing, if not also the strongest, 

 of motives. Besides their bearings on self-preservation, they are a 

 principal standing dish in life's feast. 



It is when the senses are looked at on the side of feeling, or as 

 pleasure and pain, that the defectiveness of the current classification 

 into five is most evident. For, although, in the point of view of 

 knowledge or intellect, the five senses are the really important ap- 

 proaches to the mind, yet, in the view of feeling or pleasure and pain, 

 the omission of the varied organic susceptibility leaves a wide gap in 

 the handling of the subject. Some of our very strongest pleasures and 

 pains grow out of the region of organic life the digestion, circulation, 

 respiration, muscular and nervous integrity or derangement. 



In exerting influence over human beings this department of sensi- 

 bility is a first resource. It can be counted on with more certainty 

 than perhaps any other. Indeed, almost all the punishments of a pure- 

 ly physical kind fall within the domain of the organic sensations. What 

 is it that makes punishment formidable, but its threatening the very 

 vitals of the system ? It is the lower degree of what, in a higher de- 

 gree, takes away life. 



For example, the muscular system is the seat of a mass of sensi- 

 bility, pleasurable and painful : the pleasures of healthy exercise, the 



1 Continued from The Popular Science Monthly of August, 1877. 



